PETROLEUM PROCESSING AND PETROCHEMICALS

RESEARCH ADVANCES IN THE HYDROCONVERSION OF TETRALIN

jing Xin,Hong Nie

2011, 42(8): 1-6. doi:

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Latest worldwide research advances of the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of tetralin hydrocracking were reviewed focusing on the effect of catalyst properties including pore structure, acidity, metal species and the distance between acid site and metal site, on the activity and objective product selectivity of tetralin hydrocracking. It was pointed out that optimizing the coordination of acid sites and metal sites, as well as reducing the distance between acid site and metal site could be a potential approach to further promote the reaction activity and to improve objective product selectivity.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY-SAVING AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OILS AND ENGINE TESTS FOR EVALUATING FUEL ECONOMY OF ENGINE OILS

Xie Xin

2011, 42(8): 7-11. doi:

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With the strengthening of environmental protection regulation and for saving more fossil energy, the specifications of energy-saving engine oils are keeping update. Therefore, the engine tests for evaluating fuel efficiency of engine oils are also upgrading. The variations of engine oil specifications from GF-1 to GF-5 were illuminated, focusing on GF-5 specification，which started to certificate in 2010. A comparison for the specifications of GF-5 and GF-4 was introduced in detail, such as engine tests, adding bench tests and severer parameter values. The lubricating status, operation conditions, working parameters and characteristics of sequence VIA, VIB and VID engine tests for evaluating the fuel economy of engine oils were described and compared. Finally, the prospect of base stocks production and additives industry with the progress of energy-saving gasoline engine oils was discussed.

A DISCUSSION ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE OIL CONVENIENT FOR REFINING-PETROCHEMICAL ENTERPRISES

Tang Wei-Qing

2011, 42(8): 12-15. doi:

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Crude oils are classified into three types conventionally, i.e. paraffinic base, naphthenic base and intermediate base according to the characteristics of their key fractions. However, it is found that this classification is not convenient for refining-petrochemical complex to optimize the purchase, storing, and processing of crude oils based on their types. It is suggested that classification of crude oils according to the properties of their heavy naphtha fractions might be more suitable for refining-petrochemical complex in application, i.e. classifying crude oils into cracking stock, reforming stock and transition three types.

DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF CRMI-II (TJ) CATALYST FOR MIP TECHNOLOGY PROCESSING CGO BLENDED FEEDSTOCK

Jiang Wenbin

2011, 42(8): 16-21. doi:

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Based on the unit operation conditions, feedstock properties, the requirements of product slates and product properties in Tianjin Petrochemical Corporation, CRMI-II (TJ) catalyst, a catalyst specially tailored for MIP technology to process feedstock with high coker gas oil (CGO) blending, was developed. The commercial application results showed that using CRMI-II (TJ) catalyst, when processing an intermediate base feedstock blended with 20-30% CGO and 10-20% AR, the total liquid yield reached more than 87%, the obtained stabilized gasoline had an olefin content of less than 35% and RON over 92. As compared with reference catalyst (base case), CRMI-II (TJ) catalyst exhibited better coke selectivity, good basic nitrogen tolerance, enhanced gasoline octane number and higher propylene yield.

STUDY ON THE CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ZEOLITE BETA IN HYDROCRACKING

2011, 42(8): 22-26. doi:

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A brief introduction of the characteristics of zeolite β structure was presented. The hydrocracking performance of catalyst containing zeolite β was studied on a 200 mL hydrocracking device, and compared with catalyst containing zeolite Y and amorphous silica-alumina catalyst. Results show that under the same process conditions, catalysts containing zeolite β exhibit better catalytic performance during hydrocracking than the others: the selectivity of middle distillates is more than two percentage points higher, the setting point of diesel fractions is 4－12℃ lower, as well as good isomerization property, high cracking activity and strong nitrogen tolerance, which indicates that hydrocracking catalyst containing zeolite β can be used for maximizing middle distillates production.

COMMERCIAL TRIAL OF THE APPLICATION OF HCRL REACTIVATED FCC CATALYST

2011, 42(8): 27-31. doi:

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The application of HCRL catalyst, a reactivated spent FCC equilibrium catalyst (E-cat), at the No.2 FCC unit of SINOPEC Yansan Petrochemical Company was introduced. Results of performance tests showed that under the same catalyst cost, as compared with the base case the micro-activity of E-cat containing 40% HCRL catalyst was about 2 units higher, the heavy metals content on E-cat was kept at a relative low level, the product slates were improved and the total liquid yield was 1.72 percentage points higher.

STUDY ON THE HYDROISOMERIZATION OF n-HEXANE OVER Mo2C/MoO2-ZrO2 CATALYST

Kun Ao,shi yan

2011, 42(8): 32-36. doi:

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Using a mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyethylene glycol 20 000 (PEG 20 000) as template, MoO3/ZrO2 precursor was prepared by co-precipitation process. Using n-hexane as carbon source, Mo2C/MoO2-ZrO2 catalyst was prepared by temperature programming reduction. The XRD and BET results showed that β-Mo2C was existed and the catalyst had applicable pore diameter and pore volume. Tests for hydroisomerization of n-hexane over Mo2C/MoO2-ZrO2 catalyst were carried out in a fixed-bed down-flow reactor system to study the effect of reaction parameters, such as temperature, pressure, LHSV and volume ratio of hydrogen to hydrocarbon (H2/CH) on the catalytic behavior of said catalyst. Under the optimum conditions of a reaction temperature of 380℃, a reaction pressure of 2.5 MPa, a LHSV of 1.0 h-1 and H2/CH volume ratio of 400, the conversion of n-hexane reached 67.5%, the selectivity to isomers and isomers yield were 82.5% and 55.7%, respectively.

COMMERCIAL TRIAL OF ENHANCING DIESEL FUEL YIELD IN A FCC UNIT

WANG Wei-Ci

2011, 42(8): 37-42. doi:

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The commercial trial of enhancing diesel fraction yield in the FCC unit of Fushun Petrochemical Company was introduced. The trial results showed that by adopting measures, such as adjusting operation parameters of reaction-regeneration system and fractionation system, using DMC-2 catalyst designed for the increase of diesel yield, the product slates were improved: the yields of diesel fraction and light oils increased 3.77 and 1.81 percentage points, respectively; the mass ratio of diesel to gasoline increase 0.10. As to the qualities of products, since the boiling range of diesel fraction was broadened, its cetane number was slightly lower; gasoline having lower olefin content, longer induction period and unchanged octane number; without negative effect was found on dry gas and LPG. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the unit was reduced. On the whole, a 37.72 million RMB economic benefit could be obtained annually.

PREPARATION OF BIODIESEL BY TRANSESTERIFICATION OF SOYBEAN OIL OVER KOH/SBA-15 CATALYST

Kaili Hou,Huipeng Li

2011, 42(8): 43-46. doi:

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A solid base catalyst, KOH/SBA-15, was post-synthesized and used in the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of soybean oil and methanol. The influence of reaction conditions, such as molar ratio of methanol to oil (M/O), reaction temperature, reaction time, active component content and catalyst dosage on the biodiesel yield was studied. Results showed that under the conditions of M/O molar ratio of 16, a reaction temperature of 60 ℃, a reaction time of 8 h, an active component content of 15 % and a catalyst dosage of 5 % (based on oil), the yield of biodiesel reached 85.32 %.

OPERATION OF A COAL DIRECT LIQUEFACTION INDUSTRIAL DEMONSTRATION UNIT AND PROSPECT ANALYSIS

2011, 42(8): 47-51. doi:

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The development of coal direct liquefaction technology is briefly reviewed and the operation status of the first megaton demonstration unit of coal direct liquefaction process in the world is introduced. By analyzing the problems occurred during the four times of start-up and shut-down operations as well as related revamping, factors influencing long-term operation of the unit are focused. However, this demonstration unit is running smoothly after revamping, and a 1 501 h continuously running indicates that the operation of the unit is safe and controllable. Furthermore, the qualities of the products from this demonstration unit could meet the requirements of related National Standards. All these represent that the operation of this first megaton industrial demonstration unit is successful. Finally, a prospect analysis of coal direct liquefaction industry and issues to be considered on commercialization are discussed as well.

STUDY ON THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF AN AEROBIC-ANAEROBIC HYBRID INNER CIRCULATION BIOREACTOR

2011, 42(8): 52-55. doi:

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The hydrodynamics of a self-developed aerobic-anaerobic inner circulation bioreactor was studied, including the effect of superficial gas velocity, superficial liquid velocity and solid content on the pressure drop of the bed, gas holdup and liquid circulating volume. Results showed that with the increase of superficial gas velocity, the pressure drop of the bed decreased, gas holdup and liquid circulating volume increased. With the increase of solid content, the pressure drop of the bed increased, gas holdup and liquid circulating volume decreased. However, the influence of superficial liquid velocity was only a little.

STUDY ON THE MODEL FOR PREDICTING CFPP OF BLENDED DIESEL AT DAGANG PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY

WANG Yan-Zhen

2011, 42(8): 56-60. doi:

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The change law of cold filter plugging point (CFPP) for various diesels was studied using diesel from Dagang Petrochemical Company as a case study. Results show that the cold flow properties of diesel are improved by blending various diesel components and the optimum blending ranges for Dagang diesel product are obtained as follows: 30%-55% of straight run diesel, 0%-40% of hydrotreated diesel and the rest for FCC diesel, the more FCC diesel is added, the lower CFPP is obtained. A model with a precision of 2 ℃ to predict the CFPP of blended diesel is set up adopting the idea of piecewise function and processing data by numerical analysis software MATLAB. Thus, the qualities of diesel product during blending could be controlled. Through component analysis of various diesel fractions, it is concluded that the CFPP of diesel is highly depended on the wax content of the fuel, usually CFPP increases with the increase of wax content. CFPP relates with the total amount of wax content and n-alkane content in the blending stock, without direct relationship with saturates content.

EFFECT OF S-CONTAINING MODIFIED RAPESEED OIL LUBE ADDITIVE ON THE FRICTION AND WEAR BEHAVIOR OF STEEL-MAGNESIUM ALLOY FRICTION PAIR

FANG Jian-Hua,fusheng pan,jiang wu

2011, 42(8): 61-64. doi:

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A new type of biodegradable lube additive, sulphurized rapeseed oil (SRO) was prepared and its chemical structure was characterized by infrared spectrum. The friction and wear behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy against GCr15 bearing steel under the lubrication of rapeseed oil formulated with SRO additive were evaluated on a SRV tribological tester. The morphological character and tribo-chemical species of the worn surfaces were analyzed by means of SEM and XPS. The results indicated that the friction and wear of the magnesium alloy-steel friction pair could be effectively reduced by using rapeseed oil lubricant with SRO additive. Its lubricating mechanism could be inferred that a high strength adsorption film and/or a tribo-chemical reaction film were formed on the rubbing surfaces due to the carrier effect of rapeseed oil molecules having long chain, high reaction activity of sulfur and their synergism.

THE SYNTHESIS AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF 5-methyl-2-mecapto-1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

2011, 42(8): 65-68. doi:

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A novel thiadiazole derivative (TM) was synthesized using 5-methyl -2-mecapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and salicylic acid as main raw materials, and it was characterized by FT-IR, elementary analysis, LC and MS. The thermal stability of TM was evaluated by TGA, and its wear and friction behavior was investigated by a four-ball testing machine using rapeseed oil as base oil. Results show that the synthesized TM possesses good thermal stability with a thermal decomposition temperature of 225.6 ℃. Due to its good anti-wear and friction reducing properties，the obtained TM could be used as lube additive, it exhibits an optimum anti-wear and friction reducing performance at an amount of 0.6%.

STUDY ON SYNTHETIC REFRIGERATION OIL FOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING R134a/R22 REFRIGERANT

Chen Mei-Ming,Ming Zong

2011, 42(8): 69-73. doi:

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Based on the requirements of refrigeration system to refrigeration oil, the characteristics of refrigeration oil and adopting technical indexes from the commercial norm A-A-50634 of US Navy as reference, a specification for synthetic refrigeration oil was proposed. Using modified polyether as base oil, the synthetic refrigeration oil meeting said specification was prepared. A series of tests for the obtained refrigeration oil was carried out, such as physical-chemical properties analysis, miscibility with R134a/R22 refrigerant, chemical stability (sealed glass tube test), stability (Philips test), insulation and lubricity tests. Finally, it was applied in a compressor of R134a car air conditioner. The results of evaluation and application showed that this synthesized refrigeration oil well met the requirements of the proposed specification, and it could be used in the R134a/R22 refrigeration system.

A DISCUSSION OF ENERGY SAVING BY REDUCING THE FUEL GAS CONSUMPTION IN CONTINUOUS CATALYTIC REFORMING UNIT

2011, 42(8): 74-78. doi:

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The characteristics of the 1.5 Mt/a continuous catalytic reforming (CCR) unit in Qingdao Refining & Chemical Company was analyzed, and measures for reducing fuel gas consumption were proposed, such as enhancing the heat efficiency of furnaces, optimizing operation conditions and improving fuel gas qualities. By a series of improvements and revamping, the unit consumption of fuel gas reduced significantly from early 2009 to late 2010: with 80% capacity and full capacity, the unit consumption of fuel gas in CCR unit decreased by 13.16% and 19.45%, respectively.

RESEARCH ON THE RECYCLE OF ADVANCED TREATED WASTEWATER IN CIRCULATING COOLING WATER SYSTEM

2011, 42(8): 79-82. doi:

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After recycling advanced treated wastewater into the circulating cooling water system, the corrosion rate of the monitoring carbon steel strip increased significantly, sometimes it even exceeded the upper limit of the standard set by petrochemical industry. To solve this serious corrosion problem, factors affecting this corrosion system were analyzed and it was concluded that the corrosion and scale inhibitor in the system could not work effectively due to the degradation of water quality by using advanced treated wastewater as make up water. Through optimizing the formula of corrosion and scale inhibitor, a modified inhibitor replaced the former one and the corrosion problem was solved successfully.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON TREATING BIO-PROCESSED COKE PLANT EFFLUENTS BY COAGULATION-OZONE OXIDATION PROCESS

2011, 42(8): 83-87. doi:

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The process of coagulation-ozone oxidation for bio-treated coke plant effluents was studied, and the influence of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) dosage, ozone concentration, pH value and reaction time on the removal of COD and chroma reduction was investigated. Based on both treatment cost and removal efficiency, optimum reaction conditions were proposed. Under the optimum conditions of a PAC dosage of 100 mg/L, an ozone concentration of 100 mg/L, a pH value of 10.61 and a reaction time of 30 min, the removal rate of COD and chroma reduction rate reached 80.05% and 96.74%, respectively. As compared with single ozone oxidation, the removal rate of COD and chroma reduction rate by coagulation-ozone oxidation increased 29.19 and 19.9 percentage points, respectively. The treated wastewater had a COD concentration of 53.87 mg/L and chroma reached 6 times, which indicated that the qualities of this treated wastewater could meet the first level requirements of the National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996).

COMPARISION OF VARIOUS TEST METHODS FOR DETECTING CORROSIVE SULFUR IN TRANSFORMER OILS

2011, 42(8): 88-92. doi:

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Several test methods home and abroad for detecting corrosive sulfur in electric insulating oils were introduced and compared from the aspects of applied scope and test conditions, in order to select an optimum test method for detecting corrosive sulfur in transformer oils. Meanwhile, the corrosive sulfur in various transformer base oils and products were tested by copper sheet method (SH/T 0304-1999 and ASTM D 1275-06 B), silver strip test（SH/T 0804-2007）and copper wire wrapped with insulation paper test (IEC 62535-2008). Test results showed that IEC 62535-2008 was the most suitable method to detect the tendency of existing corrosive sulfur in transformer oils.

STUDY ON THE STABILITY OF EMULSIFYING WAX BY TURBIDITY RATIO MEASUREMENTS

2011, 42(8): 93-96. doi:

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Emulsifying wax samples were prepared by the method of emulsifier in oil using 58# full refining wax from the No.1 Refinery of CNPC Fushun Petrochemical Company as main raw material, TW-80 and SP-60 as complex emulsifier. Turbidity ratio measurements were introduced to study the stability of emulsifying wax samples firstly, and the test results were compared with the room temperature static method. Results showed that using turbidity ratio method to determine the stability of emulsifying wax is feasible, besides, it is simple, quick and with high accuracy. The effect of emulsifying temperature, emulsifying time, water amount and HLB value of emulsifier on the stability of prepared wax emulsion was studied and the optimum preparation conditions were obtained as follows: an emulsifying temperature of 70 ℃, an emulsifying time of 50 min, emulsifier HLB value of 10 and water amount of 75%.

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