Table of Content

12 November 2026, Volume 57 Issue 11

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DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF HIGH-SELECTIVITY CATALYTIC CRACKING TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW-COST PRODUCTION OF HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE

2026, 57(11):  1-8. 

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As to the significant increasing of by-products such as dry gas and coke in residue catalytic cracking process, an experimental investigation was conducted. The study revealed that catalyst particles solids hold up (volume fraction of catalyst particles in the reactor) play a critical role in modulating the thermal cracking reactions across the reactor, there is a hidden thermal cracking reaction zone in the lower part of the riser. Through expanding the diameter of the first reaction zone of the variable-diameter fluidized bed reactor, the solids hold-up of catalyst particles is increased, and a novel variable-diameter fluidized bed reactor is designed. On this basis, a high-selectivity catalytic cracking (MSC) technology for low-cost production of high-octane gasoline is developed. Commercial application results demonstrate that the MSC technology exhibits significant advantages in converting low-value feedstocks into high-value products and in heavy oil conversion, with improved utilization efficiency of hydrocarbon resources. For the gasoline+LPG production scheme, despite the deterioration of feedstock properties, the product distribution is notably improved: the combined yield of gasoline and LPG increases, while the yields of dry gas and coke decrease significantly. The research octane number of FCC gasoline is raised from 90.4 to 93.9, and the entire refinery's gasoline is blended and sold as No. 95 gasoline, resulting in a substantial enhancement of the enterprise's economic benefits.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION  OF CATALYTIC CRACKING TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF  LIGHT OLEFINS, MARINE FUEL OIL AND GASOLINE

2026, 57(11):  9-15. 

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Under the backdrop of fluctuating market demand for low-sulfur marine fuel oil, gasoline, diesel, and petrochemical products, this study addresses the challenge of aligning production output with dynamic market shifts. Leveraging the core principles of the MFP technology, operational parameters and catalyst coupling strategies were systematically optimized in a 1.40 Mt/a heavy oil fluid catalytic cracking unit, enabling flexible product slate adjustment among marine fuel oil blending components, light olefins, and gasoline.Industrial results under the fuel oil blending mode, compared to the baseline case, demonstrate the following key performance indicators:Dry gas yield increased marginally from 2.83% to 3.38%;Total liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) yield rose from 21.00% to 26.13%, representing a 24.43% increase;Propylene yield increased from 6.16% to 9.30%, a 50.97% improvement;Isobutylene yield rose from 1.45% to 3.63%, a 150.34% enhancement;Fuel oil component yield increased from 21.69% to 29.54%, with no external discharge of oil slurry;Coke yield decreased from 8.41% to 7.15%, a 14.98% reduction, serving as one of the key pathways for the refining industry to achieve green and low-carbon transformation.From 2021 to 2023, the adaptive production strategy enabled by MFP technology significantly enhanced the plants responsiveness to market dynamics. The refining profit per ton of oil processed improved markedly—from 15.85 Yuan/t in 2019 to 279.49 Yuan/t in 2021, 219.09 Yuan/t in 2022, and 133.59 Yuan/t in 2023.

RESEARCHONTHE ISOMERIZATION PROCESSOF FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS INTERMEDIATE DISTILLATE OIL

2026, 57(11):  16-23. 

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Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is one of the core processes for producing aviation fuel from biomass gasification. However, the products of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis have a high content of normal alkanes and poor low-temperature fluidity, which need to be converted into low freezing point jet fuel through the hydroisomerization dewaxing process. In this study, the fraction of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products that meets the distillation range requirements of jet fuel was used as the raw material, and a molecular sieve-based hydroisomerization dewaxing catalyst was adopted to systematically study the reaction path of alkane hydroisomerization dewaxing. The results show that, at the same conversion depth, the isomerized alkane yield of the Pt/ZSM-48 catalyst is significantly better than that of the Pt/ZSM-22, especially in the generation of multi-branch isomerized alkanes. At low conversion rates, the Pt/ZSM-48 is more inclined to produce middle single-methyl branched alkane products, indicating that it mainly undergoes the key-lock catalytic mechanism. Meanwhile, compared with the Pt/ZSM-22 catalyst, the molar conversion rate of C₁₄+ alkanes on the Pt/ZSM-48 is higher, indicating that it is more conducive to the conversion of high-carbon normal alkanes into multi-branch isomerized alkanes and promotes the cracking reaction near the middle of the molecular chain. When using the Pt/ZSM-48 catalyst at a conversion rate of 3.81%, the yield of jet fuel fractions reached 98.18%, and the properties of the products, such as freezing point and density, all met the jet fuel standards, providing technical support for the efficient preparation of biomass aviation fuel.

IMPACT OF SULFUR ON THE SEPARATION SYSTEM IN DIRECT STEAM CRACKING UNIT OF CURDE OIL

2026, 57(11):  24-32. 

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To achieve cost reduction and efficiency improvement in the steam cracking unit, crude oil was introduced as a partial substitute for conventional cracking feedstocks. Due to the high sulfur content in crude oil, process innovation was required to mitigate the adverse effects of increased sulfur content in cracking products. Based on in-depth calculations, the impact of selecting regeneration gas media for the new desulfurization adsorption bed and the increased sulfur content on the safe and stable operation of the unit was analyzed. The results indicate that a crude oil blend with an Akpo-WTI mass ratio of 3:7 is suitable as a cracking feedstock, capable of replacing 51.6% of conventional feedstocks and significantly reducing external procurement costs. After introducing crude oil as a feedstock, cracking gas not only showed a significant increase in hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) content but also contained carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂), necessitating the addition of a desulfurization adsorption bed for cracking gas treatment. Recycled ethane was preferred as the regeneration medium for desulfurization adsorbents in C₃ and lighter fractions and mixed C₄ products, as opposed to self-produced fuel gas, which is unsuitable due to its moisture content that can create a wet H₂S corrosion environment and may lead to excessive sulfur emissions in flue gas. The increased sulfur content adversely affects the cracking gas compressor unit but has no impact on the caustic washing system. For carbon steel components in wet H₂S corrosion environments, post-weld heat treatment is required to mitigate corrosion risks.

ANALYSIS OF CAUSES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR EXCESSIVE METHANOL CONTENT IN FCC MIXED C₄ STREAMS

2026, 57(11):  33-39. 

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A refinery has built a catalytic cracking (FCC) unit with a processing capacity of 4.8 Mt/a, planning to utilize the by-product C₄ components to construct an industrial facility for the carbonylation of mixed C₄ to produce high-carbon alcohols. However, the high methanol content in the C₄ components adversely affects downstream chemical production. To address the issue of excessive methanol content in the C₄ components, a systematic analysis of the process flow from the FCC unit to the C₄ separation column was conducted, identifying the causes of methanol generation. It was found that methanol primarily originates from FCC side reactions. In response, strategies were proposed to suppress methanol production, introduce a trace methanol removal process, and regulate the mixed C₄ feedstock. These measures provide technical references for reducing methanol content in C₄ and ensuring stable operation of the downstream high-carbon alcohol unit.

ASYMMETRIC OPERATION STRATEGY FOR INCREASING AROMATIC PRODUCTION IN PARALLEL CONTINUOUS CATALYTIC REFORMING UNITS

2026, 57(11):  40-44. 

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Towards the problems that the traditional symmetric operation mode of parallel continuous catalytic reforming (CCR) units cannot fully release the potential of aromatics yield, in this paper, an asymmetric operation strategy based on feedstock fractionation and severity matchingisproposed. In this strategy, hydrotreated naphtha is roughly fractionated and then delivered to two parallel CCR units respectively. The reaction temperature of light feedstock is raised to enhance the conversion of C₆—C₇ hydrocarbons, while the reaction temperature of heavy feedstock is lowered to control the coking rate. The simulation results show that under the constraints of catalyst coke deposition and reaction temperature, the asymmetric operation can increase the total aromatics yield by 1.47 percentage points and the hydrogen yield by 0.15 percentage point, which presents good economic performance. This strategy requires little modifications to the main configuration of existing units and catalysts, and can realize the directional regulation of products only by adjusting feedstock distribution and operating parameters, providing a feasible technical path for the benefit potential exploitation of parallel CCR units.

OPTIMIZATION MEASURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES FOR LONG-TERM OPERATION OF THE PRODUCT DRYING SYSTEM IN A 300 kt/a PROPANE/ISOBUTANE MIXED DEHYDROGENATION UNIT

2026, 57(11):  45-51. 

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For the product drying system (RED) of a 300 kt/a propane/isobutane mixed dehydrogenation unit, several core problems emerged during long-term operation, including excessive H2S and water content, desiccant pulverization and deactivation, and cold box freezing and blockage. In response to these issues and in accordance with the unit's production planning requirement of "three-year turnaround interval", a systematic analysis of the key influencing factors during the adsorption and regeneration stages was conducted. A comprehensive optimization and retrofitting scheme for the RED unit was implemented, including the optimization of the sequential control program parameters of the dryer regeneration control system, technical transformation of the product cooling system, addition of a reforming hydrogen drying unit, replacement of high boiling point aromatic hydrocarbon washing solvents, and capacity expansion of the RED unit. Remarkable improvements were achieved. Industrial application results demonstrate that after optimization, no H2S or water was detected at the dryer outlet, effectively resolving the breakthrough issue ofH2S and water. The service life of the RED unit was extended to over 4 years, aligning with the "three-year turnaround" maintenance schedule and enabling long-term continuous operation of the plant. This optimization scheme successfully avoids unscheduled shutdowns caused by desiccant replacement, yielding a direct economic benefit of 6.275 6 million yuan and an annual cost saving of approximately 4.3 million yuan. This work provides a valuable reference for achieving long-term safe operation of RED units in similar dehydrogenation facilities.

PROCESS INVESTIGATION OF NEGATIVE ELECTRODE COKE PRODUCTION VIA DELAYED COKING

2026, 57(11):  52-57. 

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Based on production data from delayed coking units incorporating catalytic cracking slurry, the effects of feedstock properties and operating conditions on petroleum coke quality indices were briefly analyzed. The results indicate that aromatic hydrocarbons in slurry serve as the key component enhancing the specific capacity of coke, whose effect is restricted by the content of resins and asphaltenes. A sulfur mass fraction below 2% and a metal mass fraction within 400—600 μg/g exert minor influence on specific capacity, whereas excessive contents lead to significant performance degradation. Properly increasing the recycle ratio in accordance with feedstock characteristics and moderately elevating the coke drum top pressure are conducive to improving coke quality. Synergistic optimization of feedstock and process enables the production of high-grade negative electrode coke with a specific capacity exceeding 350 mA.h/g, providing theoretical support and technical references for the optimization of industrial operations.

INFLUENCE OF NICKEL SPECIES STATE ON OLEFIN SATURATION PERFORMANCE IN INDUSTRIAL S Zorb ADSORBENTS

2026, 57(11):  58-64. 

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Reactive adsorption desulfurization (S Zorb) is a key technology for ultra-deep desulfurization of FCC gasoline while preserving octane number. However, industrial adsorbents show significant differences in olefin saturation activity. In this study, spent and regenerated adsorbents from two industrial S Zorb units with distinct olefin saturation capacities were analyzed. Their structure, morphology, surface chemical states, active sites, and carbon deposition were characterized by XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, XPS, and TG-MS. The higher performance adsorbents (JLDS/JLZS) exhibit highly dispersed Ni species (3—5 nm) with strong metal-support interactions and abundant low-coordination sites, enabling efficient H2 activation and forming easily removable disordered carbon. In contrast, the low-activity adsorbents (YPDS/YPZS) contain aggregated Ni particles (10—30 nm) with weak interactions and mainly terrace sites, favoring the formation of graphitized carbon that is difficult to remove, thus leading to low hydrogenation activity and poor regeneration performance. Then a negative feedback loop in industrial operation could further formed: performance decline → operational compensation → excessive regeneration temperature → structural deterioration→ performance decline. This study provides a scientific basis for performance diagnosis, lifetime prediction, and long-term stable operation of S Zorb adsorbents via optimization of adsorbent consumption and other operating parameters.

MECHANISM STUDY ON THE EXTRACTION OF AROMATICS WITH N-FORMYLMORPHOLINE

2026, 57(11):  65-74. 

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The interaction sites and interaction force types between N-formylmorpholine (NFM) and aromatics/non-aromatics during the aromatic extraction process were investigated through spectroscopic analysis and molecular simulation calculations, aiming to elucidate the mechanism of NFM in aromatic extraction. The results indicate that the interaction between NFM and benzene is primarily governed by van der Waals forces, accompanied by steric hindrance effects. The interaction sites are identified as the C—O—C bond, the C—N bond, and the C=O bond, with their contributions to the overall interaction following the descending order: C=O bond > C—N bond > C—O—C bond. Electrostatic potential and interaction region indicator analyses of NFM analogues complexed with benzene reveal that the development of efficient and green aromatic extraction solvents should seek a balance between effective attractive networks and steric repulsion effects with the aromatic hydrocarbons, rather than pursuing the maximization of a single type of interaction.

FIRST COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF MESO-MACROPORE CATALYST Connector P70 IN A CATALYTIC CRACKING PROCESSING WITH HIGH-PROPORTION RUSSIAN OIL BLENDING

2026, 57(11):  75-82. 

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SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. has developed a novel residue fluid catalytic cracking catalyst, Connector P70. This catalyst features abundant meso-macropores, which can significantly enhance the mass transfer and diffusion efficiency of heavy oil macromolecules in the channels, promote rapid desorption of cracking products, and effectively inhibit secondary reactions. Meanwhile, it has excellent heavy metal tolerance capacity, making it suitable for FCC units processing feedstocks with high blending ratio of inferior oil and high metal content. It was industrially applied in a residue FCC unit at PetroChina Harbin Petrochemical Company. The results showed that, with a 50.4% Russian crude blending ratio and increased coking tendency of the FCC feedstock, compared to the baseline, the coke yield decreased from 9.00% to 8.58% (a reduction of 0.42 percentage point), the LPG yield increased by 1.34 percentage points (with propylene and butylene yields increasing by 1.63 percentage points and 0.40 percentage point, respectively), and the combined yield of LPG and gasoline increased by 0.47 percentage point, while the yields of diesel, slurry, and dry gas remained comparable. The meso-macropore structured Connector P70 demonstrates significant advantages in efficient residue conversion, coke selectivity improvement, and targeted production of light olefins, providing an effective solution for residue FCC units and facilitating low-cost refining and high-value product production.

SYNTHESES AND CATALYTIC PERFORMANCEOF NES-TYPE ZEOLITE

2026, 57(11):  83-90. 

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NES-type zeolite exhibits promising application prospects in reactions such as disproportionation and transalkylation, owing to its unique structure comprising 10-membered ring channels and 12-membered ring cavities. However, its synthesis suffers from long crystallization time, poor reproducibility, and the reliance on expensive organic structure-directing agents. In this work, EUO-type zeolite was used as seed shorten the crystallization time of NES zeolite. The resulting zeolite crystals exhibit a rectangular platelet-like morphology (0.2 μm × 1 μm) and a high acid amount (total acid amount: 1094 μmol/g, with a medium strong acid amount of 438 μmol/g). The influences of seeds were systematically investigated, and the catalytic performance of the NES zeolites in disproportionation of toluene were examined. The use of EUO-type zeolite as seed showed advantages including a wide synthesis phase region, shortened crystallization time, and controllable crystal phase. The obtained NES-E zeolite exhibits a high toluene conversion (34.3%).

EFFECTOFTEMPLATE CONTENT ON THE SYNTHESIS OFSHEET-LIKE ZSM-5 AND ITS CATALYTIC CRACKING PERFORMANCE OF 1-BUTENE

2026, 57(11):  91-98. 

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This study systematically investigated the effects of TPAOH content during the synthesis process on the pore properties, acidity, and catalytic butene cracking performance of the obtained sheet-like ZSM-5 zeolites. The results show that within the adopted synthesis system, when the TPAOH/Si molar ratio is in the range of 0.5—2.0, all the prepared HZ5-xT zeolites are sheet-like ZSM-5 with high crystallinity. As TPAOH content in the synthesis system increases, the crystal sizes of the synthesized sheet-like ZSM-5 samples along the a-axis and c-axis increase significantly, and the mesopore volume and external surface area are also enhanced, while the Si/Al ratio of the synthesized HZ5-xT samples increases. In the catalytic cracking reaction of 1-butene, the acidic properties of the HZ5-xT samples have a more significant effect on the product distribution. The contents of C₁—C₄ alkanes and aromatics in the products increase with increasing strong acid amount of the HZ5-xT samples, whereas the contents of propene and C₅+ components decrease with increasing strong acid amount.

DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE MULTIFUNCTIONAL DESULFURIZERS FOR CO2 SYSTEMS

2026, 57(11):  99-106. 

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To tackle the challenges including difficult deep removal of multi-component sulfides (H₂S, COS and mercaptans), competitive adsorption interference of CO₂, and cumbersome traditional desulfurization processes in high-concentration CO₂ feed gas, a low-temperature multifunctional composite desulfurizer, 3%Fe₂O₃-1%CeO₂-5%K₂CO₃/activated carbon, was prepared via stepwise impregnation of Fe-Ce bimetallic active components and K₂CO₃ promoter onto a coal-based activated carbon support. Performance evaluation results reveal that the composite desulfurizer possesses strong resistance against competitive CO₂ adsorption. The optimal desulfurization temperature ranges from 50 to 100 °C,where efficient simultaneous removal of H₂S, COS and mercaptans can be achieved, with the removal efficiency of all three sulfur compounds exceeding 99.6%, and their mass concentrations in the effluent gas is below 0.02 mg/m³. The breakthrough sulfur capacity (mass fraction) for high-sulfur content CO₂ gas reaches over 25%, and the desulfurization products mainly consist of elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid. During the desulfurization reaction, continuous oxidative removal of H₂S shifts the COS hydrolysis equilibrium forward and improves COS removal efficiency, which eliminates the inhibitory effect of CO₂ on COS hydrolysis. Industrial application results for CO₂ gas desulfurization demonstrate that the composite desulfurizer can operate stably at ambient temperature, and the mass concentration of sulfur species in the reactor outletremains below 0.02 mg/m³. It is suitable for low-temperature fine desulfurization of industrial CO₂ gas, syngas and liquefied petroleum gas.

INFLUENCE OF LUBRICATING BASE OIL COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STAIN-FREE BEARING GEAR OIL

2026, 57(11):  107-113. 

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To elucidate the effects of base oil structure and composition on the performance of stain-free bearing gear oils, the hydrocarbon compositions and structural differences of three industrial white oils were analyzedusinggas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The sensitivity of polyisobutylene (PIB) toward different industrial white oils was investigated, and the high-temperature annealing detergency of the industrial white oils, PIB, and their blended base oils was evaluated. Furthermore, the mechanism by which hydrocarbon composition and component structure affect the performance of base oils and bearing gear oils was analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the hydrocarbon composition and isomerization degree among the three industrial white oils. Changcheng white oil had the highest proportion of naphthenes at 84.6%, predominantly multi-ring naphthenes, with a molecular branching index of 59.32% and the highestisomerization degree. Hengli white oil had the lowest naphthene content at only 36.9%, mostly low-ring naphthenes, with a branching index of 43.29% and the lowest isomerization degree. Kaiwei white oil exhibited intermediate values for both naphthene content and isomerization degree. The hydrocarbon composition and structural characteristics of the industrial white oils exerted a significant impact on oil performance. The viscosity index (VI) and high-temperature annealing detergency of the base oils increase following the order: Changcheng white oil <Kaiwei white oil < Hengli white oil, while the evaporation loss showed the opposite trend. PIB demonstrated the most pronounced thickening effect and viscometric property improvement when blended Changcheng white oil, followed by Kaiwei white oil, with the least effect observed for Hengli white oil. Industrial white oils with higher paraffin content and lower isomerization degree yielded composite base oils and stain-free bearing gear oils with higher VI and superior high-temperature annealing detergency.

REGENERATION PERFORMANCE OF AGED TRANSFORMER OIL OVER A POLYANILINE/LIGNIN FIBER-CHITOSAN/BENTONITE COMPOSITE ADSORBENT

2026, 57(11):  114-120. 

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To improve the regeneration efficiency of aged transformer oil, a polyaniline/lignin fiber-chitosan/bentonite composite adsorbent was prepared. The effects of adsorbent dosage, polyaniline/lignin fiber mass fraction, and treatment temperature on the dielectric properties of regenerated oil were investi-gated. Fourier-transform infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies were used to analyze the adsorption mechanism. Under optimal conditions (an adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L,a polyaniline/lignin fiber mass fraction of 20%, a temperature of 80 °C,an adsorption time of 1.0 h), the breakdown voltage increased from 5.66 to 47.36 kV, while the dielectric dissipation factor decreased from 0.215 to 0.009. The treated oil met the requirements of GB/T 7595—2017 for in-service transformer oils (≤220 kV) and for oil prior to commissioning. Spectroscopic results showed no formation of new substances, indicating that impurity removal mainly occurred through physical adsorption. The composite adsorbent features simple preparation and effective regeneration performance, offering a promising approach for the resource utilization of aged transformer oil.

EFFECT OF ACTIVATOR ON PORE STRUCTURE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF LIGNIN-BASED POROUS CARBON

2026, 57(11):  121-129. 

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Alkali lignin (AL) is extracted from eucalyptus wood via a geopolymer-assisted low-alkali hydrothermal method. Using AL as theprecursor, lignin-based porous carbon (LPC) is fabricated with three activators including KOH, NaOH,and ZnCl₂ to investigate the influences of activators on the structure and electrochemical properties of LPC. The results reveal that compared with commercial lignin, the as-extracted AL preserves the native aromatic skeleton and oxygen-containing functional groups of lignin more completely, which facilitates the generation of electrochemically active sites during the subsequent high-temperature carbonization and activation process. Among the three activators, KOH exhibits the strongest etching effect. The obtained LPC-KOH possesses abundant micropores, a large specific surface area and a high proportion of C=O bonds, delivering a specific capacitance up to 336 F/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g. NaOHcontributes to the construction of hierarchical micro-mesoporous channels, while ZnCl₂ can greatly increase the mesopore proportion within LPC. Accordingly, LPC-NaOH and LPC-ZnCl₂ display outstanding rate capability.

A HYBRID MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING-EXPERT SYSTEM APPROACH FOR CRUDE OIL SCHEDULING OPTIMIZATION

2026, 57(11):  130-139. 

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A hybrid crude oil scheduling optimization model integrating mathematical programming with heuristic algorithms is proposed to tackle the complexity arising from intricate operational constraints, dynamic planning requirements, and limited tankage in refining enterprises. The model employs a two-stage serial framework: a mathematical programming-based crude oil processing planning model determines optimal feed schedules for two distillation units under both general and enterprise-specific constraints; subsequently, a heuristic daily scheduling model generates detailed operational schemes based on the optimized feed plan. Validation results show that the optimized feed schedule satisfies all unit and route-specific constraints. The derived scheduling scheme adheres to tank compatibility and pipeline transportation restrictions, with 84.75% and 88.37% of tank operations in the incoming and feed tank farms lasting over 6 hours, respectively, and 83.33% of main crude transfers maintaining a minimum 5hours settling time. All performance metrics meet customized operational requirements, demonstrating the practical viability of the proposed approach.

DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF BLOWDOWN FOR THREE-PHASE SEPARATOR UNDER FIRE AND COLD SCENARIOS

2026, 57(11):  140-149. 

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This paper presents a dynamic simulation and analysis of the blowdown system for a first-stage three-phase separator in a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) project. Using the HYSYS Blowdown module, a dynamic simulation model incorporating vessels, pipelines, valves, restriction orifices, and other components was developed to simulate the blowdown processes under both fire and cold scenarios. The transient behaviors of system pressure, temperature, and blowdown rate were investigated, and the key system design parameters were evaluated accordingly. The results show that under both pool fire and jet fire scenarios, system pressure decreases continuously with blowdown time, while system temperature first declines and then rises. The gas phase fraction of the blowdown medium remains above 99.8%. The optimal diameter of the restriction orifice is determined to be 66 mm, with a corresponding maximum blowdown rate of 49.23 t/h. The inner diameters of the blowdown valve and its inlet pipeline are 202.7 mm, and the tailpipe inner diameter is 307.0 mm. Under cold blowdown scenario, the minimum metal temperature of the vessel is -0.81 ℃, the lowest medium temperature downstream of the restriction orifice is -44.3 ℃, and the minimum metal temperature of the tailpipe is -16.67 ℃. Based on these results, the minimum design metal temperature of the system is established as -20 ℃. The HYSYS Blowdown module effectively captures the dynamic coupling of multiple parameters throughout the blowdown process, addressing the limitations of conventional simulation approaches and providing reliable support for the design of blowdown systems.

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION REDUCTION BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL BLEND FUEL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CONVENTIONAL FUEL IN THE CATERING INDUSTRY

2026, 57(11):  150-155. 

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To address the issue of high CO₂ emissions caused by the extensive use of traditional fuels such as white oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG) in non-pipeline gas-covered areas for catering,a solution involving the blending of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil with white oil was proposed to create abiodiesel blend fuel alternative. The carbon emission accounting model results indicate CO₂ emission factors (EF) of 69.49, 65.62, and 55.92 kg/GJ for white oil, LPG, and LNG, respectively. When the biodiesel volume fraction in the biodiesel blend fuel reaches 6%, its EF is lower than that of LPG; when the biodiesel volume fraction exceeds 20%, its EF matches that of LNG. Based on an estimated catering market capacity in a certain city, full-scale implementation of the B30 blending solution could reduce annual CO₂ emissions by approximately 95 kt. To tackle market disorder, cost disadvantages, and storage and transportation risks in the promotion of biodiesel blend fuels, a systematic institutional framework encompassing standard leadership, economic incentives, technical support, and source control was proposed.

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON ELECTROCATALYTIC CO₂ REDUCTION TO METHANE OVER Cu-BASED CATALYSTS

2026, 57(11):  156-166. 

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Electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction (ECR) technology enables the conversion of CO₂ into high-value chemicals, representing a key pathway for carbon resource recycling and energy transition. CH₄ is an increasingly attractive target product for CO₂ electroreduction, given its high energy density and versatile applications. This review systematically outlines the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of ECR toward CH₄, along with the evolution mechanisms of key intermediates. It focuses on recent design strategies for Cu-based catalysts aimed at efficient CH₄ production, including regulation of atomic coordination environments, interface and crystal phase engineering, defect construction, and doping. Furthermore, the influence of electrolyzer on gas-liquid-solid three-phase interfacial mass transport and macroscopic electrochemical performance is analyzed. Finally, the scientific issues and technical challenges facing ECR-to-CH₄ are summarized, and future research directions are discussed.

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON DEACTIVATION MECHANISMS OF Pt-BASED CATALYSTS FOR PROPANE DEHYDROGENATION

2026, 57(11):  167-175. 

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Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) technology serves as a core process to meet the growing global demand for propylene and adapt to the trend of feedstock lightening. Platinum (Pt)-based catalysts, with their exceptional C—H bond activation capacity, play a vital role in industrial applications. However, under harsh operating conditions featuring high temperatures and frequent redox cycles, Pt-based catalysts suffer from multiple deactivation challenges including coke deposition, active metal sintering, and promoter leaching and migration, which restrict the operation cycle and economic performance of industrial units. This paper systematically reviews the deactivation pathways of Pt-based PDH catalysts, the factors affecting deactivation, and the coupling mechanisms of different deactivation routes. Design directions for industrial PDH catalysts are proposed from perspectives including atomic-level precise construction and support adaptation optimization, providing design guidelines for developing industrial PDH catalytic systems with longer service life, higher activity and superior stability.

RESEARCH PROGRESSON SYNERGISTIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR OIL SLUDGE RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CARBON REDUCTION UNDER THE DUAL CARBON BACKGROUND

2026, 57(11):  176-183. 

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Oil sludge is a typical hazardous waste generated by the petroleum industry. Against the "dual carbon" background, achieving a synergy between resource utilization and carbon reduction has become the core direction for its disposal. This paper systematically reviews the foundational theories in this field, with a focus on elaborating the process principles and application characteristics of four key technological categories: recovery of oil resources, preparation of high-value materials from organic matter, biological synergistic disposal, and multi-technology unit system integration. Through a comparative analysis of technological performance, the resource utilization efficiency, carbon reduction effectiveness, economic viability, and applicable scenarios of different technologies are clarified. The core challenges in current research, particularly regarding synergistic coupling mechanisms, the stability and economic feasibility of large-scale applications, are deeply analyzed. Finally, future directions are discussed, encompassing fundamental research, technological innovation, industrial application, and the optimization of standard systems. The study indicates that the synergistic disposal approach integrating resource utilization and carbon reduction represents an effective pathway to "turn waste into wealth and achieve low-carbon development". Future efforts must focus on deepening theoretical understanding and achieving technological breakthroughs to promote industrial implementation.