Table of Content

12 November 2025, Volume 56 Issue 11

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STUDY ON PREDICTING HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION OF STRAIGHT-RUN GAS OIL BASED ONAN ENHANCED BP NEURAL NETWORK MODEL

2025, 56(11):  1-11. 

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To address the challenge that conventional analytical methods struggle to accurately determine the hydrocarbon composition of straight-run gas oil, thereby hindering detailed mechanistic analysis of its hydrocarbon reactions, a BP neural network model was developed to predict the hydrocarbon composition of waxy oil.This was based on 145 sets of collected straight-run gas oil hydrocarbon composition data and routine analytical data from industrial units. Prior to modeling, outlier removal was performed using the interquartile range (IQR) method, and feature variables were screened using Pearson correlation coefficient and maximal information coefficient (MIC) methods. The model was solved using the Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm.Validation results indicated that, except for the prediction models of paraffin content and monocyclic aromatic content, the fitting accuracy between predicted and actual values for other BP neural network models was generally poor.To enhance prediction accuracy and model generalizability, improvements were made by optimizing the model algorithm and refining outlier detection methods. The results demonstrated that replacing the L-M algorithm with a Bayesian regularization optimization algorithm and eliminating outliers using a discriminant function method significantly improved the predictive performance of the modified BP neural network model for paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. The coefficient of determination (R2) between predicted and actual values increased by an average of 50.91%, while the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean squared error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) decreased by an average of 38.23%, 62.01%, and 36.23%, respectively.The improved model meets the accuracy requirements for predicting the hydrocarbon composition of straight-run gas oil feedstock in industrial units and is suitable for practical industrial applications.

INFLUENCE OF CTAB AND CITRIC ACID ON MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND CONDUCTIVITY OF CARBON MICROSPHERES PREPARED BY HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF GLUCOSE

2025, 56(11):  12-20. 

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Carbon microspheres were successfully synthesized by introducing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and citric acid during the hydrothermal carbonization of glucose. The carbon microspheres were characterized using SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and the four-probe method. When hydrothermally treated alone, citric acid did not lead to the formation of a solid product. Instead, it primarily served as a catalyst, which significantly facilitated the carbonization and growth of carbon microspheres, resulting in an enhanced yield and enlarged particle size.However, the introduction of CTAB resulted in a competitive effect between its templating function and the catalytic role of citric acid, causing a slight decrease in yield, while the spatial hindrance effect of CTAB restricted the radial growth of carbon microspheres, reducing their particle size. All samples exhibited a typical hard carbon disordered structure with low crystallinity. As the thermal treatment temperature increased, the defect level in some samples was enhanced, which might be related to the initial molecular structure of the carbon source and the removal of oxygen atoms, as well as the rearrangement of carbon atoms. Although the addition of citric acid and CTAB showed certain enhancing effect on conductivity, the effect of the thermal treatment temperature onconductivity was found to be more significant. Therefore, in practical applications, the conductivity of carbon microspheres should be primarily regulated through the optimization of the thermal treatment process, with the selection of thermal treatment temperature being particularly crucial.

INVESTIGATION ON THE REACTION KINETICS AND SIMULATION OF ENHANCING AGENT-OIL MIXING EFFECT OF DISTILLATE OIL DEACIDIFICATION PROCESS

2025, 56(11):  21-27. 

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With the deacidification process of distillate oil from the Shengli Refinery under SINOPEC Qilu Company as the study subject,a kinetic model for the deacidification reaction was established, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was employed to numerically simulate the two-phase flow of deacidification agent and oil within the pipeline, and the reaction process. Through numerical simulation studies, the influence of static spiral blades and dynamic mixer on mixing effect between deacidification agent and distillate oil was studied. Additionally, an experimental device was constructed to investigate the impact of dynamic mixer on deacidification efficiency. The results indicate that the pre-exponential factor and activation energy in the rate equation for the deacidification reaction are 3.31×10⁷L^2.4/(mol^2.4.s) and 61.6 kJ/mol, respectively. When the mixing effect between the agent and oil is poor, the interfacial area where the interphase deacidification reaction occurs is relatively small, thereby limiting the progress of the deacidification reaction. After enhancing the mixing effect of the deacidification agent and oil phases using spiral blades, the deacidification agent can disperse more effectively in the distillate oil, expanding the agent-oil interfacial area and increasing the region for interphase deacidification reactions. Consequently, on the basis of an unchanged intrinsic deacidification reaction rate, the production of deacidification products increases nearly fourfold. The homogenizer can effectively improve the deacidification efficiency. When the rotational speed exceeds 2 000 r/min, the increase in deacidification efficiency significantly diminishes, indicating that the deacidification reaction is then controlled by the intrinsic reaction rate of the deacidification process.

QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY ON THE EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF ADIPATE ESTER OIL MOLECULES

2025, 56(11):  28-33. 

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The electronic structure evolution of adipate ester insulating oil molecules were systematically investigated under external electric fields using quantum chemical computational methods. Based on B3LYP density functional theory, we calculated and analyzed changes in key parameters including molecular ground-state geometries, frontier orbitals, electron density, surface electrostatic potential, dipole moments and molecular polarity indexunder varying electric field intensities. The findings reveal that the vertical ionization potential of adipate ester molecules exhibits length-dependent variations of carbon chains under zero-field conditions. Enhanced external electric fields induce directional polarization in adipate ester molecules, leading to a reduction in the energy gap, intensified charge transfer effects, and nonlinear increases in dipole moment and molecular polarity index.At critical field strengths, polarization triggers charge separation in adipate ester molecules,the molecular chain breaks and result in breakdowm.

SYNTHESIS AND THERMAL DEGRADATION KINETICS OF POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE)

2025, 56(11):  34-40. 

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To overcome the limitations of conventional metal-based catalysts in polymer synthesis, poly(propylene carbonate) was synthesized through the alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide and CO2 using a metal-free two-component Lewis acid–base pair catalytic system comprising triethylborane and bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride. Nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography analyses confirmed the capability of system to mediate efficient and controlled polymerization, with the resulting poly(propylene carbonate) showing a linear molecular weight increase over time and a narrow polydispersity index. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a single-step thermal degradation process occurring between 150 ℃and 250?℃. The apparent activation energies were determined using the Kissinger, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Madhusudanan–Krishnan–Ninan, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods. Further kinetic analysis using the Coats–Redfern model indicated consistency with a reaction order of n?=?1/3, corresponding to a stochastic nucleation and subsequent growth mechanism.

EFFECTS OF OXIDATION TEMPERATURES ON THE STRUCTURE OF MESOPHASE PITCH

2025, 56(11):  41-46. 

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Oxidative cross-linking treatment of mesophase pitch can endow it with excellent electrochemical properties, enabling its use in the production of high-performance carbon materials. Mesophase pitch was prepared from the aromatic-rich fraction of FCC slurry and oxidized at different temperatures. Scanning electron microscope,fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric analyzer were used to analyze the microstructure,functional groups, crystal structure,and thermal stability of the mesophase pitch before and after oxidation,respectively. The effect of the oxidation process on the structural properties of the mesophase pitch was investigated. The results showed that the thermal stability of the mesophase pitch significantly improved after oxidation treatment. When the oxidation temperature was 130 ℃ or below, the primary reactions occurring in the system were the removal of aliphatic groups and the ring-opening reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons, accompanied by an increase in the small aromatic molecular lamellar structures. The lowest interlayer spacing in the system was 0.3440 nm, indicating the most compact structure, while the orderliness between molecular layers decreased. When the oxidation temperature was 160 ℃ or above, oxidative cross-linking reactions dominated in the system. Compared to the case at an oxidation temperature of 130 ℃, the aromaticity of the system decreased, while the stacking height and orderliness of the molecular lamellae increased, and a large number of micro-globular mesophase pitch structures emerged in the microstructure.

LONG-TERM OPERATION OF PS-Ⅷ HIGH-DENSITY CCR CATALYST AND APPLICATION IN LARGE-SCALE UNIT

2025, 56(11):  47-52. 

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The PS-Ⅷ high-density continuous reforming catalyst developed by SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Company, Limited has undergone industrial tests and long-term operation assessments in the 1.2 Mt/a continuous catalytic reforming (CCR) unit of SINOPEC Jiujiang Company, and has been evaluated under different case in a 3.2 Mt/a large-scale CCR unit of Petrochemical Company Z. The results showed that 1.2 Mt/a continuous reforming unit of Jiujiang Petrochemical Company, achieved 25% increase in capacity by upgrading to the PS-Ⅷ catalyst, with all performance indicators exceeding the guarantee in the technical proposal. The PS-Ⅷ catalyst maintained excellent physical and chemical properties and reaction performance after four years of operation, demonstrating its capability for long-term operation. The operational results of the PS-Ⅷ catalyst in the large-scale CCR unit of Petrochemical Company Z. indicated that the aromatics yield, hydrogen yield, and catalyst consumption could meet the guarantee in the technical proposal when the load rates reached 104% and 112%. The PS-Ⅷ high-density catalyst can fully meet the operation requirements of large-scale CCR units.

ANALYSIS AND TECHNICAL OPTIMIZATION FOR STABLE OPERATION OF SLURRY OIL TOPPING UNITS

2025, 56(11):  53-58. 

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Aiming at the poor operational stability of the topping unit for catalytic cracking slurry (referred to as slurry) in a certain enterprise, the key factors affecting the long-term stable operation of the unit were systematically explored. The results show that the properties of the slurry feedstock, the accuracy of parameter control, and the structure of core equipment are the main factors restricting the operational stability of the slurry topping unit. The mass concentration of solid impurities in the slurry should be controlled below 6 g/L, the temperature of the vacuum distillation column should be controlled at (290 ± 5) ℃, and the top pressure should be controlled at -98 to -96 kPa. Further, based on the analysis results, multiple equipment renovations, vacuum system optimization, operation parameter optimization, and energy consumption structure analysis were carried out on the unit, and countermeasures were formulated for the problems existing in the operation of the unit. The results show that after upgrading the trays, adding an oil collection tank, replacing the steam distributor and riser, adding a valve group to the vacuum system, implementing online monitoring of the slurry feedstock properties, upgrading the material of the slurry pump valve, and on-site monitoring of wastewater, the separation efficiency of light and heavy slurry in the slurry topping unit has significantly improved, the yield of heavy slurry has been significantly enhanced, the quality of the hot mix asphalt regenerant has met the standards, and the stable operation time of the unit has been greatly increased.

OPERATION ANALYSIS AND PRODUCT OPTIMIZATION OF C₅/C₆ ISOMERIZATION UNIT

2025, 56(11):  59-64. 

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The C₅/C₆ isomerization unit which used reforming topped oil and aromatics extraction raffinate as raw materials for gasoline blending components were adjusted. The C₇+ components from the bottom of the extractive distillation tower with 13—18 t/h which contain normal alkane were sented to FCC unit. The cyclohexane components from the bottom of the de-hexane tower were sented to the catalytic reforming unit. The results showed that under the condition of dual benzene extraction process, after the operation parameters were optimized and adjusted, the FCC unit increased propylene production by 0.5—1.2 t/h, the catalytic reforming unit increased benzene production by 0.3—0.4 t/h, the RON of the isomerization product increased from 80.4 to 84.6 and the vapor pressure increased from 85.7 kPa to 104.9 kPa, the RON of the gasoline pool increased from 93.82 to 94.39. The energy consumption of the unit reduced from 41.30 kgOE/t(1 kgOE=41.8 MJ) to 21.09 kgOE/t. The goals of reducing oil and increasing chemicals, as well as energy conservation and consumption reduction were achieved.

RESEARCH ON AN ONLINE TESTING METHOD FOR CRUDE OIL POUR POINT BASED ON HANGING PLATE METHOD

2025, 56(11):  65-71. 

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Pour point is a critical engineering indicator for evaluating the low-temperature fluidity of crude oil, but according to the national standard test method for pour point, it is difficult to achieve online measurement in pipelines. In this study, static cooling experiments was conducted using a rheometer, revealing that volume contraction during cooling and gel structure formation induce a significant downward axial force on the rotor near the pour point. Based on this, a novel hanging plate method was developed, which is expected to enable accurate online measurement of crude oil pour points. Experimental results demonstrate that the number and size of paddle blades on the hanging plate only affect the magnitude of tension variation but have no significant impact on the pour point determination. The method exhibits excellent repeatability, applies to typical paraffinic and intermediate-base crude oils, and aligns well with existing standardized methods. It enables remote testing of pour points for pipeline-transported crude oils, providing crucial support for the digital and intelligent transformation of oil pipelines operation.

DYNAMIC SIMULATION STUDY ON THE RELIEF PROCESS OF DEBUTANIZER TOWER UNDER FIRE CONDITIONS

2025, 56(11):  72-78. 

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Based on rigorous thermodynamic modeling, a dynamic process simulation system for multiphase flow in a debutanizer tower was developed using Aspen HYSYS Dynamic. This system enabled quantitative analysis of safety valve relief processes. Subsequent investigations examined the transient pressure, temperature, and relief flowrate characteristics of the debutanizer tower under fire scenarios when equipped with different safety valve types.the results demonstrate that the dynamic model provides more accurate predictions of overpressure peaks and instantaneous relief rates compared to conventional methods. Engineering design parameters for debutanizer towers must account for thermodynamic state variations upon fire relief termination. Comparative analysis of valve specifications revealed: larger throat areas accelerate system pressure stabilization during relief events.Among valves with different flow characteristics (quick-opening, linear, equal-percentage), quick-opening valves exhibited optimal relief performance.

STUDY ON MULTI-ENERGY INTEGRATION MODE AND SIMULATION OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR SYSTEM

2025, 56(11):  79-87. 

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In the context of the "dual-carbon" strategy, industries are actively pursuing effective methods to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Harnessing renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power at the end-user level, lowering the reliance on fossil fuels, enabling partial self-sufficiency in energy through a multi-energy integration system, and optimizing the energy structure are critical for enhancing regional energy security. These efforts are also instrumental in achieving "dual-carbon" targets.Usingthe actual wind power data from the Ningbo region,a multi-energy integration system architecture and a rule-based energy scheduling strategyare designed, which encompasses hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. Using Matlab/Simulink, a simulation model of the multi-energy integration system is developed, incorporating modules for wind power generation, water electrolysis for hydrogen production, battery storage, high-pressure hydrogen storage, hydrogen fuel cell power generation, among others. The energy scheduling strategy is implemented and tested through the Stateflow module and m-function within Matlab/Simulink. Simulationsare conducted under various wind resource scenarios to analyze energy conversion, storage, and utilization within the system.The results reveal that the system model accurately reflects the operational status of wind power generation, battery storage, hydrogen production from water electrolysis, hydrogen fuel cell power generation, and other subsystems. It also effectively demonstrates fossil energy consumption levels under different wind resource and renewable energy penetration conditions, highlighting the dynamics of energy conversion, storage, and utilization within the system.The model constructed in this study enables energy scheduling across subsystems based on a pre-defined energy management strategy. This provides theoretical support for assessing the feasibility of regional multi-energy integration systems and offers a valuable reference for further development in capacity matching and the formulation of energy scheduling strategies within multi-energy integration systems.

CORROSION AND PROTECTION MEASURES FOR SINOALKY SULFURIC ACID ALKYLATION UNIT

2025, 56(11):  88-94. 

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Preventing equipment corrosion is particularly important for the safe and stable operation of sulfuric acid alkylation units. The corrosion problems in a 200 kt/a SINOALKY sulfuric acid alkylation unit were investigated, and it was found that four types of corrosion problems are relatively prominent: Sulfuric acid corrosion, alkali corrosion, H₂S+HCl+H₂O corrosion, and circulating water corrosion. The mechanism of several main corrosion problems is briefly expounded, and the main factors affecting the corrosion rate of the unit are analyzed in detail, including the concentration, temperature and flow rate of sulfuric acid, the impurity content in raw materials, sulfuric acid esters and sulfates. Five corrosion protection measures are proposed: correctly selecting equipment materials, strictly controlling the concentration, temperature and flow rate of sulfuric acid, reducing the impurity content in raw materials, applying cathodic protection and online corrosion monitoring measures, and strengthening daily anti-corrosion management. It has good guiding and reference significance for the anti-corrosion work of similar units.

APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC SPIRAL TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER IN CONTINUOUS CATALYTIC REFORMING UNIT

2025, 56(11):  95-99. 

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This article takes the domestically produced wound tube feed heat exchanger of the reforming unit as an example, and compares and analyzes its hot end temperature difference and total pressure drop on the tube shell side with the plate shell heat exchanger under the same load conditions. The results show that under the same load conditions, the temperature difference at the hot end of the coiled tube heat exchanger is reduced by 35 ℃ compared to the plate shell heat exchanger, the total pressure drop of the tube shell side is reduced by 70 kPa, the consumption of 3.5 MPa steam and fuel gas in the device is significantly reduced, and the gas consumption is saved by about 4355t/a, saving costs equivalent to 12.90 million yuan/a. Based on the successful application of coiled tube heat exchangers and similar cases of similar devices in China, a long-term operation strategy for coiled tube heat exchangers is further proposed.

EFFECT OF SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF CONCENTRATED DRY GAS ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF ETHYLENE SEPARATION SYSTEM

2025, 56(11):  100-112. 

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Currently, major refineries generally enrich C₂ resources in refinery dry gas through oil absorption or PSA to form concentrated dry gas, which is then introduced into the ethylene separation system for distillation separation, thereby obtaining high-concentration ethylene products. However, during the separation process, a large amount of ethane in the concentrated dry gas continuously circulates in the ethylene separation system, increasing system load and causing significant additional energy consumption. Therefore, The effect of a new process for selective separation of concentrated dry gasand a conventional process without selective separation on the energy consumption of the ethylene separation system through simulation of the ethylene separation process was compared and analyzed. The results show that the new process, which selectively separated ethane-rich gas directly into the ethylene cracking furnace, results in a lower amount of ethane circulating within the ethylene separation system compared to the conventional process. This can reduce the input power of the deep-cold-separation unit, C₂-separation unit, and C₃-separation unit by 19.52%, 32.26% and 35.21%, respectively, but at the cost of increasing the input power of the quench unit and compression unit. Comprehensive calculations of the power consumption of each equipment and the overall process operation indicate that, compared to the conventional process, the new process decreases electric, circulating water, and steam consumption by 18.67%, 15.17% and 22.52%, respectively.Overall, the new process reduces the energy consumption of the ethylene separation system by 22.41%.

ANALYSIS AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY MEASURES FOR ABNORMAL OPERATIONS IN REFINERY STEAM POWER SYSTEM

2025, 56(11):  113-120. 

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Taking the refinery steam power system of W petrochemical company as an example, this study starts from the current configuration of the system to analyze its characteristics and main existing problems. The results indicate that the proportion of process steam generation from a single fluid catalytic cracking（FCC） unit within the steam power system is excessively high. Under abnormal operating conditions, this leads to significant safety hazards, including an excessive steam supply deficit and an unacceptably high steam release rate in production units.Furthermore, a dynamic mathematical model of the steam power system was established using the fluid continuity equation and the gas state equation. Using the safety interlock of the main air blower in the FCC unit as the initial condition for abnormal operation, simulations were performed. The calculations show that under the premise of purchased steam ramping up from minimum load to full load within 10 minutes, a low-pressure (LP) steam release rate of 40% is required to maintain basic stability in the pressure of both the medium-pressure (MP) and LP steam networks.Based on this, three alternative solutions were compared: increasing purchased MP steam, increasing purchased LP steam, and constructing an in-house emergency boiler. The results demonstrate that building a new emergency boiler has the lowest operating cost and is independent of external conditions (such as the operational status of the cogeneration plant), making it the preferred emergency measure.After the new emergency boiler was commissioned, optimized emergency response management reduced the ramp-up time for purchased steam and emergency boiler steam generation from minimum to full load from 10 minutes to 5 minutes. The steam release rate decreased from 40% to 20%, significantly mitigating the impact of abnormal operating conditions on the production process.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF COMBINED PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER PURIFICATION AND TURBID STEAM REINJECTION OF DEEP CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT

2025, 56(11):  121-130. 

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In response to the challenges associated with the treatment and reuse of wastewater from deep catalytic cracking (DCC) unit in refining enterprises, an innovative integrated process for advanced purification of DCC wastewater and the reuse of turbid steam has been developed, taking into account the quality requirements of steam injection in DCC processes.The industrial test demonstrated that the deep purification process can effectively remove the impurities such as oil and polymer in the DCC wastewater, and reduce the concentrations of oil and suspended solids in the wastewater to less than 10 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L, respectively.The turbid steam generated by the purified water can be directly used for the DCC reaction and the steam injection of the fractionation system without affecting the performance of the catalyst and the product distribution.Fresh steam was replaced by turbid steam in a 3.2 Mt/a DCC unit, resulting in a reduction of 12.2% in total fresh steam consumption and 79.3%in discharged DCC wastewater.The development and application of this integrated process not only solves the problem of DCC wastewater reuse, but also greatly improves the waste heat utilization rate of DCC units, and the synergistic effectof pollution reduction and carbon reduction is remarkable, which can meet the requirements of green development under the current "dual-carbon"strategy.

EFFECTIVE OIL REMOVAL EMULSIONS VIA INTEGRATED ELECTRIC FIELD AND MATERIAL COALESCENCE: A CRITICAL REVIEW

2025, 56(11):  131-139. 

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The oily wastewater produced by petrochemical enterprises is generated in large quantities and contains complex components, making the removal of emulsified oil a key and challenging aspect of the treatment process. Electrocoalescence demulsification technology has been increasingly attracted attention due to its advantages of high separation efficiency and no secondary pollution, but certain technical limitations are also faced. First, the demulsification mechanisms of oil-in-water (O/W) type emulsions under electric fields are systematically reviewed, and the influence of electric field parameters and the addition of demulsifiers on demulsification efficiency is analyzed. It is pointed out that long hydraulic retention time and low demulsification efficiency under flow conditions are considered the main constraints for industrial application. Then, the synergistic mechanism of electrocoalescence enhanced by materials is discussed from the aspects of increasing coalescence sites and shortening the migration distance required for oil droplet accumulation, and the influence of electric field parameters and material properties on demulsification performance is systematically summarized. Finally, in view of current research shortcomings, suggestions are proposed for future development, including that further in-depth studies be conducted on oil droplet motion and coalescence behavior, optimization of material properties and bed structure be pursued, and the design and integration of three-dimensional electrodes be explored.

SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL: INDUSTRY LANDSCAPE, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2025, 56(11):  140-144. 

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This study summarizes the global sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) industry landscape: HEFA process is mature and dominates the main market, but faces the limitations of fragmented feedstock supply and short catalyst life. FT, ATJ and PtL technologies are constrained by high energy consumption, high cost and ethical disputes over feedstock; and there are many bottlenecks in the production, application and auxiliary aspects of each technology. Focusing on the core challenges of SAF industry chain: inadequate system, technical limitations and low social acceptance. The opportunities for the development of SAF in China are proposed: accelerating the construction of carbon emission system, strengthening policy synergy, breaking through key technologies and cultivating mature market, fully utilizing advantages in resources, renewable power, capital and market of China, and constructing a trinity development path of “government guidance + technology research + market incentives” to develop the SAF industry into a new advantageous industry, and provide a new opportunity for the development of SAF. The SAF industry will be developed into a new type of advantageous industry and provide strategic support for the low-carbon transformation of aviation industry of China.

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN TREATMENT OF HEAVY OIL

2025, 56(11):  145-152. 

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Supercritical fluids, characterized by low viscosity and high solubility, have been widely utilized as new type of green solvents in fields such as pharmaceuticals, materials, and petroleum refining. The introduction of supercritical fluid into the upgrading process of heavy oil can not only enhance the mass transfer capacity for asphaltene but also accelerate the rate of hydrogenation reaction by reducing the viscosity of the system, particularly prolonging the catalyst lifetime by inhibiting coking. This approach represents an energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-carbon solution for heavy oil treatment. The concept and properties of supercritical fluids are summarized, and the application researches of different types of supercritical solvents in heavy oil processing are reviewed. The directions and prospects of supercritical fluid treatment in heavy oil were outlined.

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON MODIFICATION OF CATHODE MATERIAL Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ FOR SODIUM-ION BATTERIES

2025, 56(11):  153-162. 

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Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as an important complementary system to lithium-ion batteries due to their resource availability and cost advantages. Focusing on the structural characteristics and performance optimization strategies of sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type cathode materials, the recent progress in modification approaches for NASICON material system is systematically reviewed. The comprehensive discussion encompasses single-element doping, multi-element doping, surface coating, high-entropy doping, and sodium-enriched doping strategies. These methodologies aim to address critical challenges including poor intrinsic conductivity, high toxicity of vanadium element, and low theoretical capacity inherent in NASICON materials. Thisreview provides fundamental theoretical insights and technical pathways for developing high-performance cathode materials in sodium-ion battery systems.