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期刊基本信息
主办单位：中国石油化工股份有限公司
　　　　　石油化工科学研究院
编辑出版：石油炼制与化工编辑部
主　　编：汪燮卿院士
执行主编：李才英教授
副 主 编：刘鸿洲 刘迎春
国际标准刊号：ISSN 1005-2399
国内统一刊号：CN 11-3399/TQ
邮发代号：2-332

Table of Content

    12 April 2026, Volume 57 Issue 4
    Previous Issue   

    NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR ETHYLBENZENE PRODUCTION FROM CATALYTIC CRACKING DRY GAS BY LIQUID-PHASE PROCESS AND ITS INDUSTRIAL SIDE-LINE TEST 

    2026, 57(4):  1-8. 
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    Aiming at the problem of "four highs" (high reaction temperature, high benzene-olefin ratio, high energy consumption and high xylene content) in the process of catalytic cracking dry gas to ethylbenzene in refinery enterprises, an innovative liquid phase ethylbenzene production technology from catalytic cracking dry gas has been developed. By adopting key technical means such as "pressurized absorption at room temperature", "pressurized absorption liquid" and "circulation of reaction liquid", a major breakthrough in the technology of liquid-phase synthesis of ethylbenzene from catalytic cracking dry gas has been successfully achieved.The industrial side-line test showed that the ethylene content in the absorption tail gas was no more than 0.5%, the selectivity of ethylbenzene in the reaction products was no less than 88.5%, the selectivity of ethylation was no less than 99.5%, and the mass fraction of xylene was no more than 100μg/g under the conditions of absorption pressure of 2.2 MPa, reaction inlet temperature of 205℃, and molar ratio of fresh benzene to ethylene (abbreviated as benzene-ethylene ratio) of 3.5. Compared with the original gas phase technology, the process flow and the reactor structure are simple, the raw material benzene heating furnace is eliminated, the energy consumption is reduced by 51.0%, and the CO2 emission is reduced by 36%. The development of new technologies can meet the requirements of green low-carbon transformation, help to promote the high-quality development of enterprises, showing good industrial promotion value.
    CAUSE AND COUNTERMEASURES OF RADIAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE IN CATALYST BED OF FIXED-BED RESIDUE HYDROTREATING UNIT
    2026, 57(4):  9-14. 
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    Taking five fixed-bed residue hydrotreating units, A, B, C, D, and E, as the subjects, an investigation was conducted into the causes of radial temperature differences in the catalyst beds of these units. The results show that the factors that affect the flow distribution in the fixed bed residue hydrotreating catalyst bed include inlet distributor, catalyst characteristics and loading efficiency, liquid-phase fluid viscosity, and flow direction. After switching to a high-efficiency distributor in the second run of Unit A, the maximum radial temperature difference of the 1st reactor was lower than that in the first run when the feedstock properties were inferior. After strict control of catalyst loading quality in the third run of Unit B, the maximum radial temperature difference of the 1st reactor was basically the same as that in the second run when the raw material properties were inferior compared to the second run. As the viscosity of the liquid-phase fluid decreases, The maximum radial temperature difference between the catalyst beds of four reactors connected in series in Unit C decreases sequentially. Despite the inferior characteristics of the feedstock, the maximum radial temperature difference between the catalyst beds of the two 1st reactors (trickle bed reactor) in Unit E is lower than that of the catalyst bed of the 1st reactor(up-flow reactor) in Unit D. In response to the relatively stable and unstable radial temperature difference during the operation of the fixed-bed residue hydrotreating unit, countermeasures are proposed. If it seriously affects the operation of the unit, the introduction of FCC light cycle oil online cleaning can also be considered.
    TECHNICAL REVAMP AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A 1.2 Mt/a CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT
    2026, 57(4):  15-19. 
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    Addressing technical challenges in the reactor-regenerator section of a 1.2 Mt/a catalytic cracking unit, such as afterburning in the regenerator dilute phase and severe catalyst loss, a systematic revamp focused on flow field optimization was implemented during the 2021 overhaul. Key technical measures included optimizing the main air distribution system, improving the catalyst distributor, applying PLS-type dual-inlet cyclones, and adding dense phase grids. These measures fundamentally improved gas-solid distribution uniformity and carbon-air matching efficiency. Post-revamp, afterburning in the dilute phase was eliminated, catalyst loss reduced from 3―7 t/d to 1.5 t/d, achieving long-term, stable, and safe operation.
    INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHT CYCLE OIL REPROCESSING IN CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT
    2026, 57(4):  20-24. 
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    In view of a series problems in a 2.8 Mt/a catalytic cracking(FCC) unit, including low cetane number of FCC diesel and unsatisfactory product distribution (low yield of FCC gasoline and insufficient yield of liquefied petroleum gas), a petrochemical company has implemented a new process that recycles light cycle oil (LCO) to the bottom nozzle of the riser via a cross-line modification, and the product distribution was optimized. The average diesel yield decreased from 20.3% to 15.7%, generating significant economic benefits.During the trial operation, the chemical composition and reaction mechanisms of LCO were analyzed to evaluate recycling parameters and effectiveness. The optimal recycling rate was determined to balance product distribution and economic efficiency.
    ANALYSIS OF FULL-CAPACITY LONG-TERM OPERATION IN SLURRY RESIDUE HYDROGENATION UNIT
    2026, 57(4):  25-28. 
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    The newly built third 3.0 Mt/a slurry residue hydrogenation unit in a refining -chemical integration project has achieved full-capacity long-term operation since commissioning. The total conversion rate of the unit generally aligns with the design specifications, while the single-pass conversion rate is slightly exceeds design value. All operational indicators meet expectations. The high single-pass conversion rate coupled with lower total conversion rate indicates that the light components generated during the reaction have not been completely separated from the system, which corresponds to the actual production observation where light components in residual oil exceed design values. Based on the operation experience from the first and second slurry residue hydrogenationunits, the third unit incorporated targeted modifications during initial design to address bottleneck issues. These improvements effectively mitigated coking and blockage problemsunder high-load extended operation conditions, providing valuableoptimization insights and directions for both unit revamping and future new facility construction.
    FEASIBILITY STUDY OF TAPPING POTENTIAL AND INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT
    2026, 57(4):  29-33. 
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    At present, the atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit of a petrochemical company mainly processes pipeline transportation of Kazakhstan crude oil, Karamay Mahu crude oil and South Xinjiang Yaha crude oil. The processing route is a fuel-chemical type unit. The unit aims to optimize the side line products, continue to promote production optimization, improve the properties of naphtha as afeedstock for steam cracking to produce ethylene. The device has been implementing pressure reduction and deep extraction for a long time to reduce the yield of vacuum residue oil. Through process optimization and adjustment, fuel gas consumption has been reduced.All three measures have contributed to enhancing the overall operational efficiency of the company.
    INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE OXIDATION ON COPPER STRIP CORROSION TEST RESULTS IN LIGHT NAPHTHA
    2026, 57(4):  34-40. 
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    To address the recurring unqualified of the copper strip corrosion test for hydrocracked light naphtha from a petrochemical company after alkanolamine desulfurization, factors influencing the copper strip corrosion performance of light naphtha were analyzed. Multiple techniques including scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and copper strip corrosion sensitivity testing were employed to conduct an in-depth investigation into the root causes of the test failure. The results indicate that common organic sulfides and inorganic sulfur oxides within typical content ranges are not responsible for the unqualified corrosion test. The primary factor leading to the failure is elemental sulfur present in the light naphtha. The elemental sulfur is generated by the oxidation of residual hydrogen sulfide in the desulfurization alkanolamine solution upon contact with air, and it exhibits extremely high corrosion sensitivity to copper strips. When the mass fraction of elemental sulfur in light naphtha reaches 2 μg/g, the copper strip corrosion grade is determined to be 2d. Based on the research findings, the unit adopted sealing measures to isolate the alkanolamine solution from air exposure, thereby ensuring the copper strip corrosion performance of light naphtha meets the qualification criteria.
    COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ETHYLENE PRODUCTION FROM COAL-BASED ETHANOL DEHYDRATION AND METHANOL-TO-OLEFINS
    2026, 57(4):  41-48. 
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    Methanol-to-olefins is an important technical route for ethylene production, and the technology is becoming increasingly mature. The production of ethylene from the coal-based ethanol dehydration benefits from the success of coal-based ethanol technology, resulting in a significant reduction in production costs. Two routes are set up. Route 1 is coal-ethanol-ethylene, and Route 2 is coal-methanol-olefins. By unifying the comparison benchmarks and principles and selecting mature process technologies, the economics of the two routes are compared. It is of great guiding significance for the development of coal-based ethanol technology.
    RESEARCH ON ONLINE WATER WASHING TECHNOLOGY FOR FRACTIONATING TOWER IN HYDROCRACKING UNIT
    2026, 57(4):  49-53. 
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    A 1.5 Mt/a medium-pressure hydrocracking unit at a certain company experienced intermittent failures in copper strip corrosion tests during jet fuel production in its fractionation tower. By adapting the online washing technology used in non-hydrogenation units, issues in the hydrocracking unit’s fractionation tower can be successfully resolved. Based on the differentiated design of the fractionation system, nitrogen was introduced as a non-condensable gas into the fractionation tower, and the required amount of washing water was calculated using Aspen simulation software. Variations in process parameters such as temperature and liquid level during the online washing of the fractionation tower were analyzed and discussed, providing theoretical support for the application of online washing technology of fractionation towers in hydrocracking units.
    MODIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF HEAT SOURCE FOR REBOILER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE FRACTIONATION TOWER IN KEROSENE HYDROTREATING UNIT
    2026, 57(4):  54-59. 
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    In a petrochemical enterprise, the heat source for the reboiler at the bottom of the fractionation tower in the jet fuel hydrotreating unit was solely supplied by hydrotreated diesel. However, during the shutdown of the diesel hydrotreating unit, it was unable to provide heat to the bottom of the fractionation tower, resulting in substandard jet fuel product quality. Based on actual production conditions and considering factors such as equipment layout, operational flexibility, and renovation costs, the reboiler at the bottom of the fractionation tower was revamped. A double-pass horizontal thermosiphon reboiler was added, retaining the existing hydrotreated diesel heating system while incorporating a new 3.5 MPa steam supply system. After the project was put into operation, flexible switching of the heat source at the bottom of the fractionation tower was achieved by controlling the tower-top pressure and bottom temperature. This prevented daily economic losses of 2.4117 million yuan caused by the shutdown of the diesel hydrotreating unit and enabled the independent operation of the jet fuel hydrotreating unit under all working conditions.
    PRACTICE OF INCREASING LIGHT OLEFINS PRODUCTION WITH HMIP CATALYST IN A 3 Mt/a MIP UNIT FOR HYDROTREATED VGO
    2026, 57(4):  60-64. 
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    This article summarizes and analyzes the latest practice of using HMIP catalyst to increase the production of light olefins in a 3 Mt/a MIP unit using hydrotreated VGO as feed in a petrochemical company. The calibration results during operation indicate that the unit has not experienced any abnormal catalyst fluidization problems, and the unit is running normally. During the calibration period, the blending ratio of redidue was 25% to 35%, the average catalyst consumption was 0.725kg/t (based on raw materials), the yield of (LPG+gasoline+diesel) reached 87.37%, the volume fraction of olefins in stablized gasoline was 25%, the RON of stablized gasoline was 94.0, and the volume fraction of isobutane in LPG was 18.5%, all of which exceeded the technical agreement requirements. Compared with the former catalysts, the yield of LPG and propylene increased significantly, with sunstantial economic benefits. The application results of this HMIP catalyst provide an example for increasing the production of light olefins such as propylene, butene, and pentene in hydrotreated VGO catalytic cracking units.
    STUDY ON HYDROFINING CATALYSTS FOR LOW-VISCOSITY POLY-α-OLEFINS DERIVED FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS
    2026, 57(4):  65-71. 
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    To enhance the product quality of polyalphaolefin synthetic oil (PAO) and reduce its bromine value, a series of PAO hydrofining catalysts with different Ni loadings were prepared using macroporous γ-Al2O3 as the support.The intrinsic relationship between the catalyst's pore structure, phase composition, metal-support interactions, active site distributions and catalytic activity were systematically investigated.Results indicate that the CAT-3 catalyst (with mass fraction of Ni of 20%) exhibits an excellent pore structure, abundant active sites, and strong metal-support interactions.Under appropriate reaction conditions, the bromine index of the feedstock oil can be reduced from 17600 mgBr/(100 g) to 11.8 mgBr/(100 g), while the Saybolt color number of the hydrogenated product was improved to +30. The product specifications fully meet the requirements.
    CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF GOLD-BASEDCATALYSTS FOR ACETYLENE HYDROCHLORINATION
    2026, 57(4):  72-79. 
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    The gold-based catalysts of mono-component AuCl3/AC and bi-component AuCl3-BiCl3/AC were prepared by impregnation. The gold-based catalysts evaluated for acetylene hydrochlorinationunder the reaction temperature of 170℃,volume space velocity of C2H2of 30h-1,φ(HCl)/φ(C2H2)=1.1. The results showed that among mono-component catalysts,the catalystof 1.0% AuCl3/AC exhibited relatively superior catalytic performance,with over 98.5% of the conversion of acetylene after 8 h ofreaction,even after 120 h of reaction, the conversion remained above 70%, and the selectivity to vinyl chloride monomer were consistently above 99%. Among bi-component catalysts, the catalyst of 1.0%AuCl3-1.0%BiCl3/AC demonstrated more outstanding catalytic performance, the conversion remained above 99% after 260 h,and the vinyl chloride selectivity were consistently 100%, this catalyst had superior activityand stability than the conventional mercuric chloride catalyst. Through analysis,it is found catalystsof AuCl3/AC reveals that decay of activity of catalystsare due to reduction of Au3+and clustering of the gold component; The catalytic performance of AuCl3-BiCl3/AC catalysts enhances significantly due to introduction of BiCl3 as the stabilizing component which suppresses above changes.
    STUDY ON DEPOLYMERIZATION OF NYLON 6 CATALYZED BY La-LOADED MACROPOROUS ALUMINA
    2026, 57(4):  80-84. 
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    A macroporous alumina catalyst loaded with La was prepared. In a miniature reaction kettle, using nylon 6 as the raw material and deionized water as the solvent, the catalytic depolymerization performance of nylon 6 was studied. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst dosage, and other factors on the depolymerization of nylon 6 were examined. The structure and properties of the catalyst, as well as the depolymerization products, were characterized and analyzed. The results show that the macroporous alumina loaded with La exhibits good catalytic performance. Under optimal conditions—reaction temperature of 240 °C, reaction time of 600 min, and catalyst dosage of 1% of the mass of nylon 6—the depolymerization effect was the best, with a nylon 6 conversion rate of 72.22% and a caprolactam yield of 30.03%.
    STUDY ON RING EXPANSION REACTION BEHAVIOR OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CONTAINING QUINARY RINGS DURING THERMAL POLYCONDENSATION
    2026, 57(4):  85-90. 
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    Thermal polycondensation experiments were conducted on fluorene and phenanthrene. The microcrystalline structures of the polycondensation products of phenanthrene and fluorene were analyzed by means of polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the microcrystalline structure of the polycondensation products of phenanthrene was superior to that of fluorene in terms of arrangement regularity, degree of polycondensation, and microcrystalline size. Five model compounds, namely indene, indan, fluorene, 9,9-dimethylfluorene, and fluoranthene, were selected for the thermal polycondensation experiments. The composition and molecular structure of the gas-liquid product were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the quinary rings in indan, indene, fluorene, and 9,9-dimethylfluorene had the potential for ring expansion. Moreover, the ring expansion phenomenon of 9,9-dimethylfluorene was particularly pronounced. To investigate the reasons for the ring expansion phenomenon of 9,9-dimethylfluorene, a certain proportion of olefins was added to indan, fluorene, and fluoranthene. The results showed that its ring expansion selectivity was significantly improved, highlighting the crucial importance of an additional carbon source for the ring expansion reaction.
    STUDY ON PREPARATION OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY LIQUID-PHASE DECHLORINATION AGENT AND ITS ADSORPTION DECHLORINATION PROCESS
    2026, 57(4):  91-96. 
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    Chlorides in catalytic reforming units can adversely affect the production process. This study employs a one-pot method to prepare a high-efficiency liquid-phase dechlorination agent, primarily composed of alkali metal salts, molecular sieves, and sepiolite. The performance evaluation of the dechlorination agent and the dechlorination process are investigated, and the adsorption mechanism is explored through kinetic modeling. The performance evaluation results indicate that the self-prepared high-efficiency liquid-phase dechlorination agent has a chlorine capacity of 44.08%. The dechlorination agent exhibits a large specific surface area and abundant pore structures. As the dechlorination process proceeds, the specific surface area of the dechlorination agent increases, the pore size decreases, the skeletal structure remains largely unchanged, and the number of acidic sites gradually diminishes. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the dechlorination agent increases with rising temperature. The kinetic model fitting results demonstrate that the dechlorination process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with chemical adsorption as the dominant mechanism.
    STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF NEW LOW-SULFUR MARINE FUEL OIL BY BLENDING OF MFP COMPONENTS
    2026, 57(4):  97-101. 
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    With the global regulations restricting the sulfur content of marine fuel, low-sulfur marine fuel has become a reliable path for the shipping industry to achieve sustainable development. It is particularly important to develop new components to improve the economy and production capacity of low-sulfur marine fuel. Based on the catalytic cracking technology (MFP) that produces propylene and marine fuel components, a detailed analysis was conducted on the properties of the MFP marine fuel components. Then, taking into account the actual production of refinery, research has been conducted on the blending of MFP marine fuel components to produce new low-sulfur marine fuel products. Finally, the low-sulfur marine fuel product produced through formula optimization meets the RMG380 standard and has good stability. The MFP marine fuel components have expanded the optional range of low-sulfur marine fuel components, providing technical support for improving the production capacity and efficiency of low-sulfur marine fuel in China.
    EFFECT OF OVERBASED CALCIUM ALKYLSALICYLATE DETERGENT ON ANTI-MICROPITTING PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE REDUCTION GEAR OIL
    2026, 57(4):  102-108. 
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    To address the stringent lubrication requirements for gears and bearings in electric vehicle (EV) transmissions under high-frequency and high-load conditions, while mitigating the energy loss caused by traditional high-viscosity lubricants, this study enhances the micropitting resistance of low-viscosity lubricants by incorporating ultra-high base number calcium alkylsalicylate detergent. The micropitting initiation and evolution on roller surfaces were observed by using an MPR micropitting tester under simulated operating conditions. The impact of the detergent on surface fatigue damage was evaluated through indicators such as friction coefficient, vibration signals, roller width, and weight changes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were employed to analyze the film-forming mechanism and elemental distribution on metal surfaces. The results demonstrate that adding 0.3% ultra-high base number calcium alkylsalicylate detergent reduces micropitting damage by nearly 40%. The core mechanism involves the formation of a physical deposition film on the metal surface, which delays the initiation of microscopic fatigue cracks. However, a "competitive failure" relationship between wear and micropitting was identified: while increasing detergent content improves micropitting resistance, it also elevates the friction coefficient and wear rate. Additionally, the detergent synergizes with anti-wear agents to form a Ca- and P-rich composite friction film on the roller surface. Notably, the elemental content in micropits is significantly lower than that on worn surfaces due to material spalling, which hinders friction film regeneration.
    PREPARATION OF SODIUM-STORING HARD CARBON BY SYNERGISTIC LIQUID-PHASE CROSSLINKING AND SOLID-PHASE OXIDATION OF DEOILED ASPHALT
    2026, 57(4):  109-118. 
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    Employing inexpensive, readily available deoiled asphalt as feedstock, a liquid-phase crosslinking synergised with solid-phase oxidation method was developed based on a process decoupling strategy to produce asphalt-based hard carbon sodium storage materials. The liquid-phase crosslinking reaction increased the size of the raw material's macromolecules and reduced the planarity of the carbon layers. Subsequently, the solid-phase oxidation reaction introduced cross-linked structures containing oxygen-containing functional groups, transforming the material from thermoplastic to thermosetting. This ensured the maximum preservation of the disordered arrangement of the stacked carbon layers during the subsequent carbonization process. Furthermore, the removal of non-carbon elements during the high-temperature stage facilitated the formation of sodium storage sites, such as defects within the carbon layers and ultramicropore structures. Electrochemical testing reveals that HC-340℃-9h-300℃-1300 ℃ hard carbon material prepared under optimal conditions achieves a reversible capacity of 278.45 mA.h/g at d current density of 0.1 A/g with an initial coulombic efficiency of 69.03%, where the ramp region accounts for 58.54% of the total capacity.
    IDENTIFICATION AND CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SULFHYDRYL PROPIONITRILE COMPOUNDS IN LIGHT DISTILLATES OF CRUDE OIL
    2026, 57(4):  119-125. 
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    The light distillates of the crude oil from Russia were selected as the research object, and the nitrogen compounds were extracted by solid-phase extraction columns（SPE),and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ). Combined with gas chromatography-nitrogen chemiluminescence detection(GC-NCD) and gas chromatography-sulfur chemiluminescence detection ( GC-SCD ). The nitrogen compounds in the light distillates of crude oil were sulfhydryl propionitrile compounds, which were the unconventional nitrogen compounds. GC-NCD was used to quantify sulfhydryl propionitrile compounds in crude oil light distillate. This study solves the problem of nitrogen compound morphology with high nitrogen content in light distillate of crude oil from Russia, and provides effective information for subsequent nitrogen removal processes.
    A NOVEL EVALUATION METHOD FOR MICROBIAL SLIME DISPERSION EFFICIENCY IN CIRCULATING COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
    2026, 57(4):  126-130. 
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    To address the issues with traditional slime dispersibility testing methods,such as significant human operational errors, low accuracy, and poor precision,a novel evaluation method was developed based on laser turbidity analysis. The method dynamically monitors changes in turbidity in the upper layer of a slime suspension in real time, applies nonlinear regression analysis and noise reduction processing to the experimental data using a univariate sixth-degree polynomial function, and derives the slime dispersion rate of the chemical accordingly to evaluate its dispersibility performance.This approach enables automated data acquisition to eliminate human-induced uncertainty. By conducting in-situ “blank” and “chemical dosing” experiments, it effectively mitigates the impact of sample heterogeneity to achieve better experimental repeatability. Additionally, standardized data processing ensures consistency and representativeness in measurements. The relative standard deviation of results reduces to just about 5%, a significant improvement over traditional methods. This method provides a more scientific and objective evaluation tool for the development and application of circulating water treatment chemicals.
    STUDY ON DYNAMIC QUALITY PARAMETER EARLY WARNING IN CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION PROCESS BASED ON HYBRID MODEL AND UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION
    2026, 57(4):  131-137. 
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    To address the limitations in accuracy and reliability of existing methods, a dynamic warning approach that integrates mechanistic knowledge with uncertainty analysis is proposed. The method begins by constructing a mechanistic model based on MESH (Material balance, Equilibrium, Summation, and Heat balance) equations. A Bayesian Gated Recurrent Unit (BD-GRU) is then employed to capture the residuals of the mechanistic model, to enable dynamic correction and enhance prediction accuracy. Subsequently, a double Monte Carlo sampling strategy is implemented to quantify the total prediction uncertainty, which is decomposed into epistemic uncertainty and aleatoric uncertainty.Finally, a dynamic threshold mechanism, informed by this uncertainty quantification, is designed to improve the system's adaptability to operational fluctuations.Experimental results show that the constructed hybrid model achieves high prediction accuracy and reliability, with a mean absolute percentage error（MAPE）as low as 3.6% and a prediction interval coverage probability of 94.5%. Compared with the traditional fixed-threshold method, the fault detection rate of the proposed method increases from 82% to 95%, and the false alarm rate decreases from 16.2% to 4.8%, significantly improving the accuracy and reliability of the early warning system.
    EFFECT OF CARRIER FILLERS ON BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTER TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL REVERSE OSMOSIS CONCENTRATE
    2026, 57(4):  138-146. 
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    To elucidate the influence of carriers on the performance of Biological Aerated Filters (BAFs) in treating Reverse Osmosis Concentrate (ROC) from the petrochemical industry, this study constructed four parallel BAF reactors using dense granular activated carbon (Carrier 1), lightweight granular activated carbon (Carrier 2), columnar activated carbon (Carrier 3), and ceramic particles (Carrier 4).The continuous-flow experiment demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of the carriers were key to treatment performance. Carrier 2, with its high specific surface area (1001 m2/g) and rich pore structure, supported a biomass of 2.21 nmol P/g and a microbial activity of 9.43 μg/(g·h), achieving a TOC removal rate of 78.22%. In contrast, the reactor with Carrier 4, which had a specific surface area of only 0.95 m2/g, showed a TOC removal rate of just 7.37%.High-throughput sequencing results revealed that the reactor with Carrier 2 possessed higher community diversity and successfully enriched a microbial community dominated by functional bacterial groups such as Nitrospira (3.76%), Pseudomonas (3.34%), Phaeodactylibacter (1.88%), and Caldilinea (0.54%). This research provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of ROC in the petrochemical industry.