PETROLEUM PROCESSING AND PETROCHEMICALS

ADVANCES IN OIL REFINING TECHNOLOGIES FACING LOWER CARBON EMISSIONS CHALLENGE--Outlines of 2010 NPRA Annual Meeting

Cheng Wei

2010, 41(9): 1-8. doi:

Asbtract ( 1618 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Topics related advances in oil refining technologies facing the challenge of lower carbon emissions presented in the 108th NPRA Annual Meeting are briefly introduced, including improvements of FCC technology, gasoline components production, ULSD production, distillates hydroprocessing, residue conversion and technologies for the second generation biofuels. Changes of climate and strengthening environmental legislation push forward the further advance of refining technologies.

OVERALL PLAN OF A 5 Mt/a KHARTOUM REFINERY IN SUDAN

Yang Zhen Yang

2010, 41(9): 9-14. doi:

Asbtract ( 1718 )

Related Articles | Metrics

The first stage and second stage overall plan of a 5.0 Mt/a Khartoum Refinery in Sudan is summarized. The first stage project is designed to process Sudan block 1/2/4 crude, a low sulfur and paraffinic base crude oil, using atmospheric distillation plus RFCC core processing scheme. The second stage project is designed to process Sudan block 6 heavy crude having high acid value (12.09 mgKOH/g) and high calcium content (1 379μg/g), adopting delayed coking process using crude oil as feed directly. This overall plan decision turns out to be totally correct as shown by the successful long-term running results, and the operation of the refinery is helpful for the development of upstream oilfield and meeting the local needs of transport fuels. Furthermore, it is an integrated export of Chinese refining technology, standard, equipment, construction service and management team first time.

AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF EBULLATING BED HYDROCRACKING TECHNOLOGY FOR HEAVY RESIDUE UPGRADING

2010, 41(9): 15-18. doi:

Asbtract ( 2237 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Ebullating bed hydrocracking technology could be used to upgrade heavy residue for improving the light products yield of a refinery. Factors affecting the economic benefit of adopting ebullating bed hydrocracking technology were analyzed, including selection of feedstocks, operation period, the yield of unconverted residue and its utilization. This analysis will be helpful for the optimization of refinery configuration.

EFFECT AND MECHANISM RESEARCH OF REMOVING NICKEL AND VANADIUM PORPHYRINS FROM MODEL OIL BY CHEMICAL AGENT

2010, 41(9): 19-22. doi:

Asbtract ( 2019 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Various water soluble chemical demetallization agents were used to remove nickel and vanadium from model oil containing nickel porphyrin and vanadium porphyrin. The effect of chemical agent dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time on the removal of nickel and vanadium was investigated. Furthermore, the reaction products were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Results showed that both nickel porphyrin and vanadium porphyrin could be removed from model oil by forming hydrophilic compounds while using demetallization agent A, a complex of inorganic acid, polymeric acid and polymeric acid salt, the removal of nickel increased with the increase of reaction temperature.

DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE CRACKING OLEFINS IN FCC NAPHTHA FOR PROPYLENE PRODUCTION PROCESS

2010, 41(9): 23-28. doi:

Asbtract ( 1715 )

Related Articles | Metrics

In order to reduce the olefin content in FCC naphtha and meanwhile produce propylene in high demand, the onsite test of side-stream for selective cracking olefins in FCC naphtha to produce propylene process was carried out in Yangzhou Petrochemical Company. A 20 kg/h test device was set up for this commercial trial and molecular sieve coated monolithic catalysts were used. Results showed that under optimized process parameters while reducing the olefin content in FCC naphtha, the selectivity for light olefins (ethylene, propylene and butenes) in gaseous product could be more than 80%, in which the selectivity of propylene reached 30~40%.

APPLICATION OF MIP TECHNOLOGY IN FCC UNIT PROCESSING NAPHTHENIC FEEDSTOCK

侯利国 HOULi-Guo

2010, 41(9): 29-33. doi:

Asbtract ( 1586 )

Related Articles | Metrics

MIP technology developed by Research Institute of Petroleum Processing was applied in the FCC unit of CNOOC Huizhou Refinery processing naphthenic feedstock. The performance test was carried out during August 12th to 15th 2009 and the results showed that the application was successful: the processing capacity well met the design target and the total liquid yield reached 87.66%; the volumetric olefin content of FCC gasoline was 23.6%, and its RON and MON was 94.2 and 82.3, respectively.

STUDY ON THE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF NAPHTHENIC ACID OVER ACIDIC CATALYST

LIU Yibin Liu

2010, 41(9): 34-38. doi:

Asbtract ( 1652 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Study on the catalytic conversion of naphthenic acid over acidic catalyst was carried out on a micro-activity test unit. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading amount and adding straight run diesel oil on the conversion and acid removal rate of naphthenic acid were investigated, and the results were compared with the thermal conversion. It was showed that naphthenic acid was easy to be converted over acidic catalyst. The influence of reaction temperature on the thermal deacidification was significant, but with much less influence on the catalytic deacidification, at 400℃, the catalytic deacidification rate was almost 100%. Changes of reaction temperature and catalyst amount seemed have a little influence on the catalytic deacidification rate, but the conversion and product distributions were affected, which was similar to the conventional catalytic cracking. CO and CO2 were formed during the deacidification of naphthenic acid and mainly CO. Blending straight run diesel oil had little influence on the catalytic deacidification of naphthenic acid, which indicated that naphthenic acid in crude oil should be converted quite easily.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE KEY FACTORS AFFECTING OPERATION AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR ONLINE COKE CLEANING IN DELAYED COKING UNIT

2010, 41(9): 39-43. doi:

Asbtract ( 1958 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Online spalling technology for decoking the heater of delayed coking unit in Huizhou Refinery is taken as a case study. The main factors influencing operation are analyzed and countermeasures are proposed. Results show that the rates of altering tube temperature and condensate velocity are the key factors for online coke cleaning. During the initial coke cleaning stage, slowly spalling is helpful to avoid jam, then the variation gradient of tube temperature should be increased gradually with a maximum value of 1 000℃/h. Adjusting spalling medium is also important. Switching process is a key step, quick switching and keep an appropriate amount of steam for elbow-box could prevent tube shocking and furnace chamber with pressure. However, based on properly controlling the above factors, a trouble-free operation of online coke cleaning could be obtained.

STUDY ON THE OPERATION PARAMETERS OF REFORMER IN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PLANT

2010, 41(9): 44-48. doi:

Asbtract ( 1826 )

Related Articles | Metrics

The actual operation parameters of reformers in two hydrogen production units having various capacities (unit A for the large one and unit B for the small one) are studied. It is found that high reaction pressure and high carbon space velocity of the reformer are the main causes of low conversion in unit A. The running data showed that when optimizing the design of reformer, besides considering low steam/carbon ratio and high inlet/outlet temperature, selecting higher reaction pressure and lower carbon space velocity will be helpful to reduce the consumptions of feed gas and comprehensive energy. By adjusting the operation parameters of reformer properly, both unit A and B achieve low comprehensive energy consumption under high processing capacity, and for unit A even at relatively low processing capacity, the consumptions of feed gas and comprehensive energy are less than those of the design data.

EFFECT OF TiO2 MODIFICATION ON THE HYDRODESULFURIZATION ACTIVITY OF Ni-Mo/HZSM-5 CATALYSTS

Yang Xiao-Yu,Jingli Yuan

2010, 41(9): 49-54. doi:

Asbtract ( 1606 )

Related Articles | Metrics

A series of TiO2-modified Ni-Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method using tetrabutyl titanate as titanium source. The prepared catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, TPR and FT-IR (before and after adsorption of pyridine). The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity of the catalyst was evaluated on a continuous-flow fixed bed micro-reactor using FCC gasoline as feedstock. Results showed that the interaction between MoO3 and nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite was weakened by covering TiO2 on HZSM-5 zeolite, which could inhibit the formation of Al2(MoO4)3, resulting in the increase of HDS activity of the catalyst significantly.

A STUDY OF Pt/Al2O3-TiO2 CATALYST PREPARED BY TiO2 MODIFIED ALUMINA

LIU Chen-Guang

2010, 41(9): 55-58. doi:

Asbtract ( 2039 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Pt/Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst and Pt/Al2O3 catalyst were prepared by impregnation method, using TiO2 modified alumina and unmodified alumina as support respectively. These catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, TPR, TEM and H2-O2 titration techniques. The hydrogenation activities for olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons saturation of these two catalysts were evaluated using reformate raffinate as feedstock. Results showed that TiO2 existed in the support in the form of anatase. The pore volume, specific surface area and strength of Pt/Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst were slightly less than those of Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. The reduction property and Pt dispersion of Pt/Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst was better, therefore, it exhibited improved hydrogenation performance.

CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 CATALYST FOR HYDROGENATION OF C5 FRACTION

2010, 41(9): 59-64. doi:

Asbtract ( 1586 )

Related Articles | Metrics

The effect of sulfides on the catalytic stability of Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 catalyst during hydrogenation of C5 fraction was investigated using a fixed-bed reactor. The fresh and used catalyst samples were characterized by XRD, DTA-TG and pore structure analysis. The causes and mechanism of catalyst deactivation were discussed. Results showed that Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 catalysts exhibited high activity for the hydrogenation of dienes and alkynes with a conversion of 100%; however, the catalytic activity of Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 catalysts for hydrogenation of mono-olefins was significantly affected by the organic sulfur content in raw materials. When the sulfur content in feed was less than 1.0 mg/L and the catalyst bed temperature was 60℃, the activity and stability of the catalyst for mono-olefin hydrogenation was excellent. A commercial trial was successfully carried out at an 8 kt/a unit for hydrogenation of C5 fraction, and the operation data showed that the stability of Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 catalysts was perfect.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF FRACTIONS CIRCULATION ON THE COKING OF FURNACE TUBE IN DELAYED COKING UNIT

2010, 41(9): 65-69. doi:

Asbtract ( 1725 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Premature coking inside the furnace tube is a main factor affecting the operation period of delayed coking. On account of this important issue, the effect of fractions circulation on the coking of furnace tube was studied in the laboratory using feedstocks from the delayed coking unit of Karamay Petrochemical Company. The influences of various circulating fractions, circulation ratio and the amount of entrained coke breeze in circulating stream on the coking of tube were investigated. Results showed that the properties (such as density, viscosity, carbon residue and etc.) and compositions of various coker feedstocks were varied significantly; the coke-induction period of furnace feedstock was longer than that of vacuum residue, which indicated that the existing circulating scheme was favored in inhibiting the coking of tube. Although inhibition of the coking of tube was observed with various circulation fractions, when using the cycle oil of fractionator as circulating fraction the longest coke-induction period was obtained. The coke-induction period increased with the increase of circulation ratio till the ratio reached 0.6, then without significant increase. However, the entrained coke breeze in circulating stream could promote the coking of tube.

STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN HYDROCARBON GROUP COMPOSITIONS AND OCTANE LOSS DURING SELECTIVE HYDRODESULFURIZATION OF FCC NAPHTHA

2010, 41(9): 70-73. doi:

Asbtract ( 1645 )

Related Articles | Metrics

The selective hydrodesulfurization experiments adopted RSDS-II technology were carried out over Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst and using typical heavy FCC naphtha as feedstock. Results showed that the RON loss of hydrogenated naphtha was mainly due to the saturation of olefins. However, various types of olefins exhibited varied influences on the RON loss, thus the olefins in heavy FCC naphtha were sorted into five groups according to the RON loss, and an equation related to RON loss and the variation of olefins saturation amount was set up. This equation could be used to predict the RON loss of hydrogenated naphtha.

TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM OF FRICTION REDUCTION AND ANTI-WEAR OF SiO2 NANO-PARTICLES LUBRICANT ADDITIVE

2010, 41(9): 74-79. doi:

Asbtract ( 2133 )

Related Articles | Metrics

The tribological properties of SiO2 nano-particles as lubricant additive were studied in this paper. The synergetic effect of SiO2 nano-particles and MoDDP additive was also investigated. The surfaces of tested wear spots were analyzed by TEM, EDS and XPS. Results showed that the existence of SiO2 nano-particles could significantly improve wear resistance and friction-reducing behavior of the base oil. The lowest friction coefficient and smallest wear scar diameter could be achieved with a SiO2 content of 0.5％, which was a 30.6% reduction and a 35.5% reduction as compared with that of the base oil, respectively. SiO2 nano-particles exhibited good synergistic effect with MoDDP additive. The anti-wear and friction-reducing mechanism of SiO2 nano-particles and MoDDP could be as follows: SiO2 nano-particles and MoDDP film fill the gaps in the concave parts of friction pair surfaces; SiO2 nano-particles act as slightly rolling bearing in convex parts, and at the same time the energy that is caused by friction can make MoDDP decompose to form a soft MoS2 deposit film on the friction pair surfaces. All these comprehensive actions reduce friction and repair the friction pair surfaces, so as to improve anti-wear and friction reducing properties of the lubricating oil. However, with time prolonging, SiO2 particles might slightly scrape the MoS2 film.

EFFECT OF BORON MODIFIED CASTOR OIL LUBRICATING ADDITIVE ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF STEEL-STEEL AND STEEL-MAGNESIUM ALLOY FRICTION PAIRS

FANG Jian-Hua

2010, 41(9): 80-84. doi:

Asbtract ( 1906 )

Related Articles | Metrics

A new environmental friendly lube additive, boron modified castor oil (BCO) was prepared and characterized by FT-IR. Using rapeseed oil as lube base oil, the effect of BCO additive on the anti-wear and friction reducing behavior of steel-steel and steel-magnesium alloy friction pairs were investigated with a four-ball testing machine and an Optimal SRV friction and wear tester respectively. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The worn surfaces of the magnesium alloy block were analyzed by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the lubricating mechanism of BCO additive was discussed. Results showed that rapeseed oil with BCO additive exhibited excellent extreme pressure anti-wear and friction reducing performance. Its lubrication mechanism could be inferred to the forming of a high strength adsorption film and/or tribochemistry reaction film on the worn surfaces of the metal friction pair, due to the carrier function of the long chain castor oil molecule, the electron-deficiency of boron molecule and their synergisms.

A DISCUSSION OF THE RECOVERY TECHNIQUE OF VOLATILE OIL-GAS MIXTURES

Li Cheng

2010, 41(9): 85-90. doi:

Asbtract ( 1653 )

Related Articles | Metrics

Principles and characteristics of the three-stage direct condensing technique for recovering oil-gas mixtures are systemically expressed，based on which a three-stage adding-pressure condensing technique is brought forward. By numerical calculation and analysis, the characteristics of recovery efficiency and cooling loads are obtained for these two condensing techniques, respectively. Results show that the adding-pressure one can effectively reduce the cooling loads of the third stage, and improve the coefficient of energy utilization. Comparing to the direct one by refrigeration circulation principle, it is found that the adding-pressure one can effectively rise the deep cooling temperature of more than 32℃ and reduce the energy consumption of 51.87%. A comprehensive analysis of the safety is directed on lowest explosion limit and the explosion velocity resulted from the change of temperature and pressure. Result shows that the safety is pointed out to be ensured for the three-stage adding-pressure condensing technique.

Table of Content