PETROLEUM PROCESSING AND PETROCHEMICALS

OPTIMUM SELECTION OF VACUUM RESIDUE PROCESSING SCHEME IN OIL PRICE BOOSTING ERA

2009, 40(1): 1-9. doi:

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This paper investigated the advantages and disadvantages of deploying delayed coking processing scheme to process vacuum residue (VR). Upon thorough analysis, it is concluded that with the boost of crude oil price in the coming post-petroleum era, delayed coking is no longer the preferred processing scheme and two new schemes are proposed to process VR depending on its metal content. Hydrotreating process is a better choice for processing VR with relatively low content of heavy metals. The combination of solvent deasphalting--asphalt gasification--F-T synthesis will be an economic, yet relatively simple and environmentally sound upgrading route to process VR with high metal content and achieve higher light oil yield at the same time.

ANALYSIS OF OCTANE NUMBER AND COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS OF MIP NAPHTHA

Youhao Xu

2009, 40(1): 10-14. doi:

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Data of octane number of naphtha from running MIP units were collected and analyzed in this paper. The statistical data showed that the octane number of MIP naphtha was higher than that of FCC naphtha. Naphtha samples from MIP process and FCC process were hydrotreated on a RSDS-II unit respectively and the test results showed that as compared with the hydrotreated FCC naphtha, the octane loss of hydrotreated MIP naphtha was lower. It was found that more branch-2 olefin and C5~C6 isoparaffin molecules existed in MIP naphtha. The cause of MIP naphtha having higher octane number and less octane loss during hydrotreating could be explained by the octane model of C6 hydrocarbons quantitatively.

APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING HYDROCRACKED TAIL OIL QUALITY ON A HIGH PRESSURE HYDROCRACKING UNIT

2009, 40(1): 15-18. doi:

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The application of technology for producing high quality hydrocracked tail oil using RN-32/RHC-1 combined catalyst at the high pressure hydrocracking unit of SINOPEC Beijing Yanshan Company was introduced. The performance test was conducted when the unit was operated for about 1 year and the results were positive. When VGO and CGO were processed with a throughput of 105%, the product distributions well met the design objectives: the yield of high quality tail oil (BMCI value in the range of 11.9~12.6) was about 40%, which could be used as feed of downstream ethylene unit; other light products, such as heavy naphtha, jet fuel and diesel fraction, were all in good qualities. This high pressure hydrocracking unit seemed to be the key unit of the refining and petrochemical integration.

A LABORATORY STUDY OF DEEP OXIDATIVE DESULFURIZATION-ADSORPTION OF DIESEL FUEL WITH ULTRASOUND

DONG Li-Xu

2009, 40(1): 19-22. doi:

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Using H2O2 as oxidation agent, mixed acid (isopyknic sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid) and metals (Fe or Cu) as catalysts, the deep oxidative desulfurization-adsorption of diesel fuel was conducted. The effects of metal catalysts, alkaline wash and various pretreated activated carbon adsorbents on the sulfur removal rate were investigated. Results showed that when the desulfurization test was carried out at a oxidation reaction temperature of 50℃, using 80 mL of FCC LCO as feed, 1.2 mL of H2O2, 1.2 mL of mixed acid, a Fe/ H2O2 mass ratio of 0.3 and with the presence of ultrasound; the oxidized oil sample was washed with isopyknic 2 mol/L KOH solution; then the washed oil sample was treated with an activated carbon pretreated with HNO3 at an adsorbent/oil volume ratio of 2, finally, the sulfur content of the treated oil sample was reduced from the original 699.12 μg/g to 16.08 μg/g, the sulfur removal rate and oil yield were 97.70% and 90.87%, respectively.

ACID REMOVAL FROM STRAIGHT-RUN DIESEL FUEL BY USING 1-METHYLIMIDAZOLE

2009, 40(1): 23-25. doi:

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1-methylimidazole was used as acid removal agent for removing acid compounds from straight-run diesel fuel. The influences of various reaction parameters, such as agent dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time on acid removal were investigated. The experimental results showed that 1-methylimidazole exhibited excellent activity under the reaction conditions of an agent/oil volume ratio of 0.5, a reaction temperature of 353 k and a reaction time of 1h, the acid removal rate reached 97.6%. Furthermore, an ionic liquid was obtained as by-product.

EFFECT OF SHEARING PROCESS CONDITIONS ON THE PROPERTIES OF SBS-MODIFIED ASPHALT

王涛 Wang Tao CAI Hong-mei Yu-Zhen ZHANG

2009, 40(1): 26-29. doi:

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The effects of shearing frequency, shearing time and development time on the softening point, 25℃ penetration, 5℃ductility and PI value of SBS-modified asphalt were investigated. It was found that the function of shearing frequency and shearing time was complementary someway in improving the softening point of asphalt, yet such improvement caused by the formation of SBS network could limit its ductile deformation (5℃ductility) and reduce its PI value. The development time had less influence on the performance of modified asphalt, as well as the process parameters had relatively less influence on the 25℃ penetration. The qualities of modified asphalt prepared under the optimum conditions of a shearing time of 90 min, a shearing frequency of 4 000 r/min and a development time of 30 min well met the requirements of the specifications for SBS (I-C) asphalt. Furthermore, it was also proposed that some performance of modified asphalt could be improved by adjusting certain process parameters.

A STUDY OF THE SYNTHESIS PROCESS OF LOW BASIC SULPHONATES

2009, 40(1): 30-33. doi:

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Based on the investigation of synthesis process for low basic sulphonates and factors affected, such as the types of promoters, calcium hydroxide dosage and reaction temperature, a new direct calcification process was developed using a high efficient promoter containing neither chlorine nor methanol. In this new synthesis process less waste residue was formed and no need of solvent recovery; the production cycle was short and the utilization rates of single reactor and raw materials were about 90% and over 96%, respectively. The analysis and evaluation results showed that the product quality was stable with good detergency and dispersibility.

EFFECTS OF H2S ON THE FORMATION OF SULFUR CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN FCC NAPHTHA

TANG Jin-lian Jin-lian

2009, 40(1): 34-38. doi:

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The effect of H2S in the reaction system on the formation of sulfur containing compounds in FCC naphtha was studied on a small fixed fluidized bed (FFB) unit at 400℃～500℃ with a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 10h-1 and a catalyst/oil ratio of 6. The results showed that H2S reacted with olefins in naphtha to form thiophenes, alkyl-thiophenes and fractional thiols mainly. The amount of sulfur containing compounds formed over zeolite catalysts having different types of zeolites and under various temperatures was all proportional to the mass fraction of H2S in the system. The amount and growth rate of sulfur containing compounds formed over REUSY catalyst is higher than that of the shape selective zeolite catalyst owing to the differences in catalyst properties and catalytic performance. Due to the influences of temperature on the thermodynamic and kinetic constants of the formation of sulfur containing compounds, as well as the degree of olefin transformation, the maximum amount and growth rate of sulfur containing compounds formed was found at 450℃.

LABORATORY STUDY OF STEAM REFORMING OF DIESEL FUEL OVER PtLiLa/γ-Al2O3 CATALYST FOR HYDROGEN

Wali GUO

2009, 40(1): 39-42. doi:

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A PtLiLa/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by impregnation method. Tests of steam reforming to produce hydrogen over PtLiLa/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using -10# diesel fuel as raw material were carried out in a fixed bed tubular reactor and the influences of reaction temperature, space velocity and the molar ratio of water to carbon on the hydrogen yield were investigated. The catalyst sample post to reaction was characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. Results showed that PtLiLa/γ-Al2O3 catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity and stability during the reaction of steam reforming diesel fuel for hydrogen, under the conditions of a reaction temperature of 680 oC, a molar ratio of water to carbon of 22 and a diesel fuel space velocity of 0.3 h-1 the yield of hydrogen was 28.66 mol/mol.

THE APPLICATION OF NOVEL ROTATING HYDROTHERMAL DEACTIVATION APPARATUS IN FCC CATALYST EVALUATION

Wang Li

2009, 40(1): 43-47. doi:

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Since the micro-activity (MA) of fresh FCC catalyst is high and unstable, fresh catalyst is usually deactivated by hydrothermal treatment prior to MA testing. Deactivation and testing are the two important steps in a successful evaluation of FCC catalyst. In this paper, a novel rotating hydrothermal deactivation apparatus is introduced. Several (6~12) catalyst samples can be treated simultaneously and rotated horizontally. Test results show that the data reproducibility of MA test and rotating deactivation is good: when testing the MA of 8 treated samples from a same catalyst, the parallel error is less than 1%. Using said rotating deactivation apparatus can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of FCC catalyst evaluation.

OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF LINING TUBE IN HIGH PRESSURE AIR COOLER BUNDLE FOR HYDROGENATED CRACKING UNIT

2009, 40(1): 48-51. doi:

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In this paper the numerical calculation based on FLUENT is executed to study the influences of the end structure of lining tube (in high pressure air cooler bundle of hydrocracking unit) on fluid flow. Results show that the lining tube end with 90? right-angle structure will cause vortex in fluid which may affect downstream area by forming fluid flow with high shearing force to scour the heat-exchange tube. Comparison among lining tube end with 90? right-angle, 45? chamfer and 1:10 taper is carried out and the results show that lining tube end with 1:10 taper is the best end structure. However, end with 45? chamfer is better than end with 90? right-angle structure.

Study on Synthesis of Poly-α-olefin Wax

Jianyu Zhang 陈盛 Chen Sheng

2009, 40(1): 52-55. doi:

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A kind of poly-α-olefin (PAO) wax is prepared by bulk polymerization of 1-hexadecylene and 1-octadecene over supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst and triethylaluminium (TEAl) cocatalyst under atmospheric pressure. The effects of reaction conditions, such as catalyst dosage, Al/Ti molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and the presence of external electronic donors, diphenyldimethoxysilane (DDS) on the viscosity-average molecular weight and yield of polymer are investigated. Test results show that a PAO wax having viscosity-average molecular weight of 4 012, drop melting point of 58.2 ℃, flash point of 240 ℃, kinematic viscosity of 4 600 mm2/s and oil absorption value of 32.5 g/100g is obtained under the conditions of a catalyst dosage of 1.5 g/L, catalyst with a Al/Ti molar ratio of 30, a reaction temperature of 50 ℃ and a reaction time of 90 min.

STUDY ON THE OXIDATIVE SYNTHESIS OF p-TERT-BUTYLBENZOIC ACID WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

SONG Hua

2009, 40(1): 56-60. doi:

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Liquid-phase oxidation of p-tert-butyltoluene (PTBT) using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant to prepare p-tert-butylbenzoic acid (PTBA) was conducted, various factors affected the reaction were studied and optimum reaction conditions were obtained. Under the conditions of using Co(AC)2 as catalyst with a catalyst to PTBT molar ratio of 0.055 4, using NaBr as oxidative promoter with a dosage of 0.04 mol, a solvent to PTBT molar ratio of 9.78, an acetic anhydride dosage of 0.10 mol, a reaction temperature of 80℃ and a reaction time of 7 h, the conversion of PTBT and the yield of PTBA were 97.66% and 89.20%, respectively.

SYNTHESIS AND PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A POLYQUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT FLOCCULANT PEFD

2009, 40(1): 61-64. doi:

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An organic cationic flocculant (PEFD) containing quaternary ammonium ion was synthesized using epichlorohydrin (E), diethylamine (F) and 1, 2-diaminoethane (D) as raw materials. The intrinsic viscosity, charge density and turbidity removal rate of PEFD were determined and its structure was characterized by FT-IR. Test results showed that the optimum PEFD synthesis conditions were mixing F and D with a ratio of nF/nD=8.82, then slowly adding E into the mixture of (F+D), reacting at 50 ℃ for 3 h. Using the obtained PEFD as flocculant at a dosage of 10 mg/L, the removal rate of turbidity reached 92.72%, which was much better than that of using commercial polyacrylamide flocculants.

STUDY ON USING SEAWATER SOFTENED BY NANOFILTRATION TO PREPARE POLYACRYLAMIDE SOLUTION FOR OIL DISPLACEMENT

Huaigang Cheng Duo Wang

2009, 40(1): 65-68. doi:

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In view of the shortage of freshwater for polymer flooding in offshore oilfield, the seawater desalination by nanofiltration and preparing polyacrylamide (PAM) solution by softened seawater were studied. The viscosities of PAM solutions prepared by various softened seawater samples were tested. It was found that the viscosity of PAM-softened seawater system was 2.7~9.6 times higher than that of PAM-seawater system. Test for long-term stability of PAM-softened seawater system was carried out and softened seawater by nanofiltration using NFI film was selected to be used for polymer flooding since the viscosity retention rate of PAM-NFI system was more than 70% after 90-day storage and its viscosity well met the oilfield required viscosity of 30 mPaos.

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