Table of Content

12 September 2012, Volume 43 Issue 9

Previous Issue    Next Issue

muci

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA’S PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY FACING OPPORTUNITY, CHALLENGE AND ITS STRATEGY OF TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT

2012, 43(9):  1-4. 

Asbtract ( 1570 )   PDF (1083KB) ( 3167 )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This essay depicts the current status and developing trend of global energy and chemical industry. Opportunities and challenges for developing domestic petrochemical industry are analyzed, and countermeasures are pointed out, such as adopting technical innovations to upgrade the ability of processing poor crude to high quality products; developing high-end chemical products to enhance the competitive power of enterprises; using technical and industrial advantages to promote the development of coal chemical industry for resource diversification; taking the advantage of integration to overall plan the utilization of various resources effectively.

STUDY ON THE VARIATIONS OF HYDROTREATING REACTIONS FOR FCC RECYCLE OIL

2012, 43(9):  5-9. 

Asbtract ( 1173 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Through investigating the influence of various process parameters on the hydrotreating reactions of FCC recycle oil, the variations of various types of hydrocarbons, S and N contents in hydrotreated recycle oil with process parameters were obtained. Results showed that the mass fraction of paraffin and naphthenic hydrocarbons changed a little with reaction conditions. With the increase of H2/oil ratio, reaction time and hydrogen partial pressure, the reactions of HDA, HDS and HDN were benefited, yet when the H2/oil ratio was over an optimal value, the effect was little. The increase of reaction temperature benefited the proceeding of HDS reactions; due to the limit of thermodynamic equilibrium for HDA and HDN reactions, there was an optimum reaction temperature for each respectively, and the temperature of the latter was higher than that of the former. Under the same hydrotreating conditions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons having various structures exhibited various hydro-saturation activities, e.g. the hydrogenation of peri-condensed polyaromatic hydrocarbon was more difficult than that of cata-condensed polyaromatic hydrocarbon.

STUDY ON THE NON-ISOTHERMAL THERMOLYSIS OF TWO MIDDLE EAST VACUUM RESIDUES BY THERMOGRAVIMETRY

2012, 43(9):  10-13. 

Asbtract ( 1120 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

Thermogravimetry was used to study the non-isothermal thermolysis and coke formation trend of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia vacuum residues, as well as their four components. Some basic characteristics of their non-isothermal thermolysis were obtained. It was found that the existence of saturate and aromatic components could promote the thermolysis activities of resin and asphaltene, meanwhile, the thermal stabilities of resin and asphaltene were higher than those of saturate and aromatic components. The non-isothermal thermolysis of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia vacuum residues, and their four components could be divided into two temperature ranges, and in each range reactions followed the first-order kinetic model. The activation energies in these two ranges were varied significantly; furthermore, the activation energies of the components were different from each other even in the same temperature range.

SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL CATALYZED BY Na2SiO3/Al2O3

2012, 43(9):  14-16. 

Asbtract ( 1309 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

Na2SiO3/Al2O3 supported solid base catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and used as catalyst for synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and methanol. The effects of reaction conditions, such as mole ratio of methanol to waste cooking oil (M/O), catalyst dosage and reaction time, on the conversion were investigated. Finally, the optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follows: M/O mole ratio of 7.0, Na2SiO3/Al2O3 catalyst dosage of 9.0% (based on total mass of oil and methanol) and keeping at boiling state for 4 h; under such conditions the average conversion of waste cooking oil reached 95.3%.

COMPARISON OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN COMPOUND AND CONVENTIONAL GAS-SOLID LOOP FLUIDIZED BEDS

2012, 43(9):  17-24. 

Asbtract ( 1137 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

A cold model experimental device of gas-solid loop fluidized bed in large scale was set up based on the equipments involved in petroleum refining technology, and comparison study of a compound and conventional gas-solid loop fluidized beds in both global and local flow characteristics was carried out. Results show that under the same superficial gas velocities at draft tube and annulus region, and the same static bed height, for the overall flow characteristics, the average solid hold-up at the draft tube and the annulus region, as well as the total average solid hold-up of these two beds were only slightly different, while particles circulation velocity in the compound bed was higher. For the local flow characteristics in various areas, solid hold-up and particles velocity at the distributor region and draft tube bottom of the compound bed were higher. In the middle part of draft tube, the difference of solid hold-up, particles velocity between these two beds was little; in the upper part of draft tube and gas-solid separating region, solid hold-up was lower and the particles velocity was higher for the compound bed. In the annulus region, the difference of solid hold-up between them was little, while the particles velocity was lower in the compound bed.

PREPARATION OF LOW-SILICON DEFOAMING AGENT FOR DELAYED COKING

2012, 43(9):  25-28. 

Asbtract ( 1164 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

A low-silicon defoaming agent for delayed coking was developed, which is a complex additive package containing polyether modified polysiloxane mainly. The polyether modified polysiloxane was prepared from hydrogenous silicone oil and polyether, with FA-2 as catalyst. The influences of reaction conditions, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, the ratio of reagents and catalyst dosage were studied, and the optimum conditions were obtained as follows: the mole ratio of Si-H in hydrogenous silicone oil and –OH in polyether was in the range of (1:1.4)—(1:1.6), the mass fraction of catalyst was 0.4 %, reaction was proceeded at 110 ℃ for 8 h. Performance evaluation results showed that the prepared polyether modified polysiloxane and its complex exhibited good antifoaming and suppressing foam performance.

PREPARATION OF SILICON MODIFIED AlPO4-5/Al2O3 COMPOSITE SUPPORT CATALYST AND EVALUATION OF ITS HYDRODESULFURIZATION AND AROMATICS SATURATION PERFORMANCE

2012, 43(9):  29-33. 

Asbtract ( 1286 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

Si-AlPO4-5/Al2O3 composite support was prepared by adding silica sol to AlPO4-5/Al2O3, and catalysts with different contents of SiO2 were prepared by impregnating the composite support with W-Ni active component. Samples of various composite support and catalyst were characterized by XRD and H2-TPR. The hydrodesulphurization (HDS) and aromatic saturation performance of the prepared catalysts were evaluated by a micro-reactor using dibenzothiophene and tetralin as model compound respectively. Test results showed that the structure stability of AlPO4-5 molecular sieve was good, it was not affected during the preparation. Catalyst prepared by Si-AlPO4-5/Al2O3 composite support having a SiO2 mass fraction of 12% exhibited the best HDS activity and tetralin conversion, which was in accordance with the TPR result.

THE EFFECT OF HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS ON THE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDO-BOEHMITE SYNTHESIZED BY HOMOGENEOUS PRECIPITATION METHOD

2012, 43(9):  34-38. 

Asbtract ( 1302 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Preparation of pseudo-boehmite by hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation was carried out in aluminum sulfate-urea aqueous solution. The effect of hydrothermal reaction temperature and time on the morphology, structure, specific surface area, pore volume and average pore size of the prepared samples were characterized and compared by SEM, XRD and N2 physical adsorption. Test results showed that when the reaction temperature was increased from 100℃ to 140℃, the particle morphology of the prepared pseudo-boehmite changed from sphere to fiber, its specific surface area increased from 15.7 m2/g to 190 m2/g, pore volume increased from 0.02 mL/g to 0.36 mL/g, average pore size increased from 4.6 nm to 8.3 nm. XRD patterns indicated that all the samples prepared with mixed solutions of n(Al3+): n(urea)=1:2, reacting under 100—160℃ for 12 h, were pseudo-boehmite with relatively high crystallinity; in which sample prepared at 140℃ for 16 h exhibited improved properties, such as having specific surface area of 201 m2/g, pore volume of 0.44 mL/g, average pore size of 8.7 nm and concentrated pore size distributions.

CHARACTERIZATION AND CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF Pd/Ni/Al2O3 CATALYST FOR HYDROGENATION OF HEAVY REFORMING AROMATIC OIL

2012, 43(9):  39-43. 

Asbtract ( 1350 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Pd/Ni/Al2O3 and Pd/Al2O3 catalysts having the same Pd content were prepared by kneading-impregnating method and characterized by XRD, BET and NH3-TPD techniques. The selective hydrogenation performance of the prepared catalysts was evaluated on a fixed bed continuous micro-reactor device using heavy reforming aromatic oil as feed. Test results showed that Pd/Ni/Al2O3 catalyst having γ-Al2O3 phase, suitable specific surface area and pore size distributions with less acid amount, exhibited better selectivity to olefin conversion and stability in selective hydrogenation of heavy reforming aromatic oil as compared with Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: a reaction temperature of 80 ℃，a reaction pressure of 5 MPa，LHSV of 2 h-1 and H2/oil volume ratio of 500.

CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF ADIPONITRILE TO HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE OVER Ni-MgO/Al2O3 CATALYST

2012, 43(9):  44-49. 

Asbtract ( 1323 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

Ni-MgO/Al2O3 catalysts for hydrogenation of adiponitrile to hexamethylenediamine were prepared by impregnation method and the prepared catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD and H2-TPR techniques. The effect of various MgO contents on catalyst activities was studied. Results indicated that the formation of MgO-NiO solid solution in Ni-MgO/Al2O3 catalysts increased the number of alkaline active sites which could effectively inhibit the side reaction of deamination. The effect of reaction conditions on the yield and selectivity of hexamethylenediamine was investigated base on single factor experiments. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: using catalyst with MgO mass content of 6% and a dosage of 5% (based on total mass of raw materials), adopting ethanol as solvent, a reaction temperature of 70℃, a hydrogen partial pressure of 1.5 MPa, ethanol/adiponitrile mass ratio of 2.0 and with a stirring speed of 1 000 r/min. Under such optimal conditions, the conversion of adiponitrile and the selectivity of hexamethylenediamine reached 99.9 % and over 98.4%, respectively.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZEOLITE Y NANORODS

2012, 43(9):  50-52. 

Asbtract ( 1461 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

Zeolite Y nanorods was synthesized by hydrothermal method under certain conditions with raw materials including silica sol, aluminum sulfate, sodium hydroxide and de-ionized water. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, IR and low temperature nitrogen adsorption techniques. Characterization results indicated that the synthesized samples were NaY zeolite nanorods having typical faujasite crystalline structure with crystal diameter of 100 nm. Its pore size distribution was close to that of nano-particles zeolite Y, and its specific surface area was slightly lower. Zeolite Y nanorods exhibited good thermal stability.

muci

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCING JET FUEL YIELD AND HIGH QUALITY TAIL OIL AT 2.0 Mt/a HYDROCRACKING UNIT

2012, 43(9):  53-57. 

Asbtract ( 1284 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Technology including relative RN-32V/RHC-3 catalysts for enhancing jet fuel yield and high quality tail oil were applied at the 2.0 Mt/a hydrocracking unit of SINOPEC Yanshan Company for the 2nd production period. The long-term operation and performance test results showed that the improvements in jet fuel yield and hydrocracking tail oil quality were significant: compared with the 1st production period, the jet fuel yield increased 7.11 percentage points and the BMCI value of tail oil was 2 units lower with similar yields. The energy consumption of the unit was gradually reduced annually, average comprehensive energy consumption was 830.98 MJ/t in 2011.

APPLICATION OF FULL-RANGE FCC GASOLINE SELECTIVE HYDRODESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY IN A REVAMPED UNIT

2012, 43(9):  58-61. 

Asbtract ( 1354 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

Adopting FCC gasoline selective hydrodesulfurization (RSDS-II) technology developed by Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, an existing 0.3 Mt/a jet fuel hydrofining unit was revamped to a 0.2 Mt/a gasoline hydrotreating unit．Using full-range FCC gasoline as feed and hydrogen once through process, the mass fractions of sulfur and mercaptan in the treated gasoline were less than 100 μg/g and less than 20 μg/g, respectively, which indicated that the blending product could meet the requirements of national emission standard IV for gasoline product, and the RON loss was less than 1 unit.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF CHLORSORB TECHNOLOGY IN CCR UNIT

2012, 43(9):  62-65. 

Asbtract ( 1968 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

The process principles and characteristics of the conventional caustic wash and chlorine adsorption (Chlorsorb) technology were compared briefly, and the application of Chlorsorb technology in a 1.2 Mt/a CCR unit was introduced. Operation results showed that with the increase of temperature, the efficiency of chlorine adsorption dropped, the optimum temperature for chlorine adsorption of the catalyst were in the range of 138—148 ℃; the chlorine content of catalyst after passing adsorption zone increased by 0.26 percentage point. The chlorine corrosion of vent gas cooler at 138 ℃ was analyzed and countermeasures were adopted. The effect of Chlorsorb technology under high temperature and high humid conditions on the activity of CCR catalyst was discussed and suggestions, such as adding a dechlorination tank and selecting high temperature chlorine adsorbent, to improve the operation during final stage were proposed.

muci

STUDY ON THE PROCESS CONDITIONS AND KINETICS OF SLURRY-BED HYDROGENATION PROCESSING VACUUM GAS OIL

2012, 43(9):  66-70. 

Asbtract ( 1386 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

The process conditions of slurry-bed hydrogenation processing vacuum gas oil (VGO) were investigated, and the kinetics of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) was studied as well. The results indicated that the optimal process conditions were obtained as follows: a reaction temperature of 360 oC, a reaction pressure of 8 MPa, a catalyst mass fraction of 9% and a reaction time of 2 h. Kinetics research data suggested that for HDS reactions, the apparent activation energy in the initial stage is 100.44 kJ/mol; in the final period, the apparent activation energy is 121.72 kJ/mol due to the differences in HDS mechanism of various S-containing compounds in VGO. For HDN reactions, the apparent activation energy is 105.17 kJ/mol. During the initial reaction stage, N-containing compounds are difficult to be removed, however, with the proceeding of reactions the alkyl-substituted dibenzothiophenes (R-DBTs) become the most difficult compounds to be removed.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WS2 AND MoS2 Nano-PARTIC LES AS LUBRICATING OIL ADDITIVES

2012, 43(9):  71-75. 

Asbtract ( 1317 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

The tribological properties of single and mixed nano-particles of WS2 and MoS2 as lubricant additives were investigated by using a four-ball tester. The surface morphology of wear scar was observed by inverted metallurgic microscope, the chemical states of several typical elements on the worn surfaces were examined by scanning energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and the lube oil samples after abrasion test were analyzed by ferrograph. Test results show that these two nano-particles additives both exhibit excellent tribological properties due to forming adsorption-chemical reaction mixed protection films on the surfaces of the friction pair during lubrication action, as a result, the main wear mechanisms of the surface might change, so that the lube oil displays good anti-wear, friction-reducing and extreme pressure properties. Furthermore, the mixed nano-particles show better anti-wear and friction-reducing properties than those of the single ones, though its extreme pressure property was rather weak.

STUDY ON THE PROCESS CONDITIONS AND POST TREATMENTS OF PRODUCING OVERBASED CALCIUM PETROLEUM SULFONATE BY HIGH GRAVITY TECHNOLOGY IN PILOT PLANT

2012, 43(9):  76-80. 

Asbtract ( 1274 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Based on the mature laboratory test results, a 1 kt/a high gravity pilot plant unit was set up to produce overbased calcium petroleum sulfonate detergent for lube oil, optimum process conditions and the post treatments of “three wastes” from production were investigated. Results of pilot plant tests showed that the optimal reaction time of carbonation was in the range of 58—62 min, during this time, the base number and the kinetic viscosity of the product was 315.2 mgKOH/g and 35.6 mm2/s, respectively. Using horizontal screw centrifuge to pre-treat the crude product was better than that of the conventional gravitational settling method with tank. The quality of the overbased calcium petroleum sulfonate detergent prepared by high gravity pilot plant could well meet the 1st class product requirements of SH/T0042—91 trade standard, and its detergent performance was better than that of the conventional tank produced one. In addition, the adopting post treatments could ensure low discharge of pollutants during production.

OPERATION ANALYSIS OF THE KEY EQUIPMENTS IN S ZORB UNIT

2012, 43(9):  81-85. 

Asbtract ( 1438 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Existing problems of the two key apparatus in S Zorb unit, reactor filter and metal-seated ball valve, during operation were analyzed. Countermeasures were proposed and put into practice. For reactor filter, limiting fine particles to reach the filter surface could reduce the load of filter effectively; optimizing blowback parameters to ensure blowback pressure and avoid internal leakage of blowback valve were the key factors for well regeneration of the filter. For metal-seated ball valve, installing metal-seated ball valve, attention should be paid to the direction of ball valve sealing; keeping the pipeline clean and adjusting the process in good conditions could avoid the interruption of program; strengthening the inspection of valves both on-line and off-line; repairing trouble valves in time and reserving a certain number of standby valves could ensure stable long-term operation.

muci

RESEARCH ON THE INTEGRATED OPTIMIZING COMBINED SYSTEM OF GAS TURBINE AND HEATER

2012, 43(9):  86-91. 

Asbtract ( 1212 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

By modeling the combined system of gas turbine and heater, a method focusing on integrated optimization of the combined system is proposed in this paper. To an existing heater with a stipulated process heating duty, this method can be helpful for choosing the best size of gas turbine and telling the optimal operation scheme of the combined system. At the same time, detailed calculation of the heating system can be carried out to give suggestions for adjusting heater to cope with the optimal operation of the combined system. This method can also provide exergy analysis to discover the exergy loss distribution and exergy efficiency of the system. Finally, a case study on heater of an atmospheric distillation unit with a processing capacity of 12 Mt/a is performed to validate the feasibility of this method, and the result is positive. In this case, if a gas turbine with an output power of 13.43 MW is combined with the heater, the efficiency of power generation by the additional fuel consumption of the system reaches as high as 55%, and comprehensive incremental benefits of 13.68 million RMB per year could be gained.

DETERMINATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN MIXED FUEL OF DIESEL AND BIODIESEL BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

2012, 43(9):  92-95. 

Asbtract ( 1102 )   PDF  

Related Articles | Metrics

The content of fatty acid methyl ester in mixed fuel of diesel and biodiesel is an important specification for the product. Using IR spectrum method to determine the total amount of fatty acid methyl ester, the weakness is that it cannot well distinguish the absorbency of ester functional group comes from fatty acid methyl ester or unconverted oil feed, mainly triglycerides. Thus, investigation of using high temperature gas chromatographic method to separate mixed biodiesel fuels adding various kinds of oil feed was carried out, and a method for the determination of triglycerides in mixed biodiesel fuel was established with tricaprin as internal standard. The determination limit (mass) was 0.01%. When the content of triglycerides in fuel was over 0.1%, the recovery rate reached more than 91% and relative standard deviation was less than 6%. Above results indicates that this method could meet the demand of conventional analysis, it could be used as a supplemental method to help distinguish the source of ester functional group for IR spectrum method in need.

DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FOR PROPERTY BALANCE CALCULATION IN CRUDE OIL ASSAY

2012, 43(9):  96-100. 

Asbtract ( 997 )   PDF  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Property balance calculation is an important reviewing method for the data of crude oil assay. There is always deviation between test datum and calculated value during the balance calculation of crude oil properties in practice. The allowable relative deviations for some balance calculations of crude oil properties are concluded through studying huge amount of crude oil assay data by statistical method, and these empirical values could be used as one of the important criterions for data review in crude oil assay.