Table of Content

12 April 2018, Volume 49 Issue 4

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DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF HYDROCRACKING TECHNOLOGY FOR GREATLY INCREASING JET FUEL YIELD AND IMPROVING UNCONVERTED OIL QUALITY

2018, 49(4):  1-7. 

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New generations of hydrotreating catalyst RN-410 and hydrocracking catalyst RHC-131 were developed by SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing to meet the market demand for jet fuel and high quality unconverted oil. The influence of feedstocks，conversion level and production fractionation methods on jet fuel and unconverted oil were studied with the optimized catalysts grading. A hydrocracking process for greatly increasing jet fuel yield and improving unconverted oil quality was developed and applied successfully in a 2.0 Mt/a hydrocracking unit of Sinopec Beijing Yanshan Company. The application indicated that the yield of jet fuel is above 43% when the naphtha yield is 22%, and the qualities meet the requirements of 3# jet fuel. The BMCI value of the unconverted oil mixed with the diesel fraction is 8.7, a high quality feedstock for steam cracking.

STUDY ON REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CHLORINE COMPOUNDS IN CRUDE OIL

Shi Junge Wu Mei Yang Defeng

2018, 49(4):  8-14. 

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The organic chlorine compounds in crude oil have different properties in polarity and electrophilicity, which was used to study the removal of the compounds through nucleophilic substitution reaction catalyzed by phase transfer. Using tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as phase transfer reagent，ethylene diamine as alkaline reagent，ethanol and water as solvents，the dechlorination agent obtained by mixing these reagent according to certain mass ratios can effectively remove the organic chlorine compounds in crude oil. The dechlorination rate is above 90%. For the same chlorine compound, the removal rate varies with the dechlorination reaction conditions and electro-desalting conditions. Under the constant dechlorination conditions，the chlorine compounds removal rate also varies with the forms of chlorine compound in the crude oil.

OPERATION ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST REACTOR CUTTING-OUT IN RHT UNIT

2018, 49(4):  15-18. 

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The RHT technology licensed by RIPP was applied in 2.0 Mt/a residue hydrotreating unit at Anqing Company, Sinopec. The process is characterized by the cutting-out of the first reactor R-101. The 3rd generation RHT serious catalysts and the optimized catalyst grading technology developed by RIPP were adopted in first and second cycles (RUN-1 and RUN-2). Commercial applications in both runs showed that R-101 cutting out technology is feasible and the catalyst grading technology is reasonable. After R-101 is cut-out, the product quality is almost not affected and meets the requirements for RFCC feedstock; the cycle length can be prolonged for two or three months and the activity of catalyst system can be fully utilized.

IMPROVING ROAD ASPHALT PERFORMANCE BY CO-DISTILLATION OF TAHE HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND COKER GAS OIL

2018, 49(4):  19-22. 

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As Tahe heavy crude oil becomes heavier, the flash point and PI values of paving asphalt from Tahe vacuum residue fail to meet the requirements of JTG F40-2004 specification for A grade asphalt. The effect of feed co-distillation of coker gas oil (CGO) and Tahe heavy crude oil on the properties of resulting Tahe vacuum residue was investigated. The results indicated that CGO is beneficial to increase the distillation cutting temperature and change the SARA distribution of asphalt. The suitable blending ratio of CGO is 15%. The flash point of blended asphalt increases from 237 ℃ to 258℃, and the PI value decreases from 1.33 to 0.57, meanwhile, the high temperature performance and anti-aging properties are improved. The blended asphalt meets the technical requirements of F40 JTG for A grade paving asphalt. The final asphalt mixture has very good anti-high temperature deformation ability and good water stability.

CAUSE ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DROP INCREASE AT TOP OF ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN

2018, 49(4):  23-26. 

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The load of atmospheric distillation unit is greatly increased when the feed blends with the light crude oil or the light sump oil recycled. When the reflux of the tower is greater than or equals to 22t/h, the pressure drop between the top of the tower and the feed entering position increases from 20kPa to 40kPa with the overlap of boiling range of the top oil and the first side line oil. It is found that there are a lot of fouling deposits at the 9-16 layer trays, almost blocking the whole tray. The deposits were characterized by the elemental analysis, XRD and XRF. The results indicate that the main component of the deposit is NH4FeP2O7, confirmed by the simulation test of high temperature corrosion inhibitor. Finally, the optimization solutions for the problem are proposed.

APPLICATION OF SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REDUCTION （SNCR）TECHNOLOGY IN RFCC UNIT

Wu Zhangzhu Wang Shu Wang Benling Dai Qinrong Zhang Lei Yu Zhaochen

2018, 49(4):  27-30. 

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Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology of GE Company is applied to the CO burner of 3.5 Mt/a RFCC unit in Guangxi Petrochemical Company，CNPC. The results showed that using SNCR process, the NOx emission in RFCC flue gas decreases from 200—400 mg/m3 （standard state）to 70—130 mg/m3（standard state）and meets the Emission standard of pollutants for petroleum refining industry in which NOx emission is not more than 200 mg/m3（standard state）. It has little influence on the temperature of CO burner in RFCC unit. No effect on the pressure of the CO burner and pH and NH3-N of sewage in FGD unit is observed. The SNCR process is simple and easy to be revamped. The material and energy consumption is also low. The denitration efficiency is as high as 72% if ammonia escape is less than 8 mg/m3.

EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF FURFURAL REFINED EXTRACT OIL OF NAPHTHENIC LIGHT DISTILLATE

lie-kui CAI

2018, 49(4):  31-34. 

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The extract oil from furfural refining of naphthenic light distillate oil was tested to produce the excellent anti-gassing blending component for transformer oil by the process of hydrotreating-hydrofinishing-complex denitrification-clay refining. The traditional transformer oil blending the component can obviously improve the gas tendency and meet the requirements of GB2536-2011.

CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LPG DESULFURIZATION TOWER BLOCKAGE OF DELAYED COKING UNIT AND COUNTMEASURES

2018, 49(4):  35-38. 

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Causes for flooding in the desulphurization tower of 2.4 Mt/a delayed coking unit of Ningbo Daxie/Zhoushan Petrochemical Co., Ltd. was analyzed, and the countmeasures were proposed. The liquefied gas from delayed coking unit contains a large amount of coke powder, which continuously deposited in the LPG desulfurization tower, and cause the blockage of packing or tray in desulfurization tower, resulting in the liquid flooding. In order to ensure normal production, the desulfurization tower must be frequently cut out and cleaned, leading to disqualified LPG product. Therefore two static mixers were added to the desulfurization process. This simple modification of desulfurization process can guarantee the quality of the liquefied petroleum gas during the cutting out of the desulfurization tower, thus can markedly reduce the economic loss.

NITROGEN COMPOUND DISTRIBUTION AND HYDRODENITROGENATION BEHAVIOR OF LCO

2018, 49(4):  39-44. 

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Catalytic cracking diesels （LCOs）from different sources were used to analyze the nitrogen compound distributions in the full fraction and narrow fractions. The hydrodenitrogenation（HDN） reactions of different nitrogen compounds in LCO were investigated. The results showed that indoles and carbazoles are the major components in poor LCO，where anilines account for a small fraction. Additionally，anilines and indoles are mainly in the light fraction，while carbazoles in heavy fractions. The total nitrogen content increases as the boiling point increase，meanwhile a strong increase of carbazoles is observed in over 320 ℃ distillates. The nitrogen distributions of different LCOs have good consistency. The HDN of LCO showed that the reactivity of carbazoles is lower than that of anilines and indoles. The more carbon number in carbazole molecules, the more difficult it is to be removed. In HDN reaction of inferior LCO，a new nitrogen compound, phenylindole, is identified. With the decrease of final boiling point of LCO，the content of carbazoles decreases，HDN activity increases，while no phenylindole is detected.

CATALYTIC PERFORMANCES OF CaO/Al2O3 COMPOSITE IN CATALYTIC CRACKING OF SOYBEAN OIL FOR HYDROCARBON FUEL

2018, 49(4):  45-50. 

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The physical mixing catalyst CaO/Al2O3 was applied in soybean oil by catalytic pyrolysis for hydrocarbon fuel production. The single factor experimental method was used to investigate the effect of cracking temperature, mass space velocity, m (CaO) / m (Al2O3) ratio on cracking products in a fixed bed reactor. The results indicated that the optimum reaction conditions are cracking temperature of 510 °C, space velocity of 10.00 h-1, and m (CaO) / m (Al2O3) ratio of 2: 8. Under the optimal conditions, the liquid yield reaches 71.00%. The content of hydrocarbon in pyrolysis oil is over 80.96% with kinetic viscosity (20 °C) of 3.1mm2/s, the acid value of 4.1 mg KOH/g, and the oxygen content of 2.37%, resulting in calorific value of 44.79 kJ / g.

STUDY ON GAS-SOLID FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN DIAMETER-ENLARGED PRE-LIFTING SECTION OF RISER WITH MULTI-INJECTIONS

2018, 49(4):  51-57. 

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Effects of different operating conditions on the distributions of the particle concentration and probability density in axial and radial sections as well as on the gas-solids contact efficiency in the pre-lifting section were investigated in a cold model apparatus with a bottom-enlarged section and multi-injections riser using FCC equilibrium catalyst and room temperature air as test mediums. Results showed that compared with the gas-solid flow characters in different pre-lifting axial regions, the flow behavior is significantly affected by gas in the bottom inlet region and the upper necking region; the particle concentration, the radial distribution uniformity and the gas-solids contact efficiency are all reduced. While in the central development region, the gas-solid contact efficiency is higher with a better particle concentration distribution. While compared with the traditional equal diameter pre-lifting structure, the gas-solid flow behavior in the diameter-enlarged pre-lifting section is similar to that in the turbulent bed, the particle concentration and uniformity of the radial particle concentration distribution is significantly improved, the gas-solid separation phenomenon is effectively suppressed due to violent gas-solid turbulent motion and higher gas-solid contact efficiency, which lead to an intensified gas-solid contact and mixing process.

APPLICATION OF CFD IN FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR FOR PROPANE DEHYDROGENATION

Du Yupeng Sun Lejing Fang Deren Ren Wanzhong

2018, 49(4):  58-63. 

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A three-dimensional multi-scale CFD model was developed for a propane dehydrogenation reactor in a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed device. By using the CFD model，sensitivity studies on operation conditions were conducted. Findings indicated that the 3D multi-scale CFD model could describe precisely the reaction paths occuring in the propane dehydrogenation reactor. Besides，the optimum operation conditions for the propane dehydrogenation was obtained： reaction temperature of 600 ℃， GHSV of 2 350 h-1， catalyst inventory of 0.8 kg， and the mean particle diameter is 70 μm. Under the optimal conditions，the conversion of propane is 43% and the selectivity of propylene is 85%，the yield of propylene reaches up to 37%. CFD is proved to be capable of applications in the simulation， design, scale-up and optimizations of fluidized-bed reactors for propane dehydrogenation process.

FORMULATION AND REVISION OF SINOPEC ENTERPRISE STANDARDS FOR DIESEL ANTI-WEAR ADDITIVES

2018, 49(4):  64-70. 

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The successive formulations and revisions for SINOPEC group diesel anti-wear additive standards were introduced. The revised standards were divided into two different categories of fatty acid type and fatty acid ester type. Cloud point and saturated fatty acid content are two crucial items in fatty acid type lubricity additive and must be maintained below -8℃and 2.5% respectively. Saturated fatty acid content and metal element content are two important items in fatty acid ester type lubricity additive. They are limited not to exceed 2.5% and 50μg/g, respectively. The specification played an important role in controlling the quality of diesel fuel lubricity additives.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF BUTANOL AS GASOLINE BLENDING COMPONENT

2018, 49(4):  71-76. 

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Bio-butanol is a renewable, environmentally friendly liquid substance. The octane number, vapor pressure and distillation characteristics of butanol were studied by blending butanol with conventional gasoline. Using the immersion test of different metals and rubbers in gasoline with different content of butanol, the effect of butanol gasoline on metal corrosion and compatibility with rubbers were evaluated. The results showed that butanol can blend well with gasoline. No metal corrosion was observed except wrought iron, thus it can be used in fuel systems without wrought iron. In addition, butanol gasoline has slight influence on fluororubber, neoprene, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber, so these rubbers are more suitable for butanol gasoline engine, storage/transportation system as well as fueling facilities. The studies showed that butanol is feasible as a gasoline blending component if the mass fraction of butanol is 10% ~ 16%.

INFLUENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECT ON TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICATING ADDITIVES

2018, 49(4):  77-81. 

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Tribological properties of five lubricating additives, T306, T307, T301, T202, T203, were investigated on a modified tribo-tester under electromagnetic field. Their lubrication mechanisms were analyzed from physical effect and chemical effect of electromagnetic field based on the results of surface analysis. In terms of physical effects, the force of electromagnetic field on wear particles is mainly considered. In terms of chemical effects, the structural relationship between active elements and molecular structure of lubricating oil is mainly considered. The results indicated that the electromagnetic effect facilitates the anti-wear properties of T306-doped oils but impairs that of T307-doped oils. The electromagnetic effect was not beneficial for the friction-reducing capacity of T306 and T307. Moreover, the anti-wear and friction-reducing abilities of T301/T202/T203 are improved by the electromagnetic effect.

REMOVAL OF SO2 AND NO FROM FLUE GAS BY HYDROGEN REDUCTION OVER NiMo/Al2O3 CATALYST

2018, 49(4):  82-88. 

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The performance of NiMo/Al2O3 hydrogenation catalyst for removing SO2 and NO in presence of H2 was investigated under conditions of constant pressure, 100-600℃, oxygen/oxygen free atmospheres in a continuous tubular fixed bed reactor. The results showed that NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst has good simultaneous desulfurization and denitration performance. The SO2 conversion，elemental sulfur selectivity are higher than the value of desulfurization and denitration alone, the SO2 conversion increases with the increase of temperature, even as high as 100%, but N2 formation rate is lower than the value of separate denitration. Under oxygen atmosphere conditions，SO2 conversion，elemental sulfur selectivity，N2 yield are all better than that under oxygen free conditions. The presence of SO2 has an inhibitory effect on the adsorption of NO，and the presence of NO significantly improves SO2 conversion and elemental sulfur selectivity.

INFLUENCE FACTORS ON THERMAL DESORPTION OF PAHs FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL

2018, 49(4):  89-93. 

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The effects of temperature, time and soil particle size on the thermal desorption efficiency of super-standard polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil were investigated. The reaction rate constant K was obtained by the first order kinetic fitting of pyrolysis desorption data for the soils with different particle sizes. Results showed that desorption efficiency is affected by the soil texture and that temperature and time of treatment are the key factors in remedial process. Smaller soil particle size, higher reaction temperature, and longer treatment time are beneficial to desorption of PAHs from soil. These results are of practical interest and may be used in designing desorption systems with low energy consumption.

REDUCING VOCs EMISSION OF REFINERY BY DISTILLATION UNIT WASTE OIL RECYCLE SYSTEM

2018, 49(4):  94-97. 

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Dushanzi petrochemical refinery took measures to reduce light waste oil emissions for operating units. The sampling frequency for distillation unit was reduced and the waste samples produced by sampling were recycled. The sealing conditions of equipments were carefully examined; The conditions at debutanization tower top and atmospheric tower top were optimized to increase the initial boiling point of naphtha from 42℃ to 49℃, resulting in reduction of the VOCs emission in naphtha tank area. The light waste oils from units of the refinery were recycled through the circulation line system of the distillation unit and received at the entrance of the crude pump of the atmospheric distillation tower, instead of sending into the middle tanks, thus reducing the VOCs emissions of the plant, effectively improving the plant production environment.

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SRU TAIL GAS TREATMENT FOR ULTRA-LOW EMISSION

2018, 49(4):  98-100. 

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A proprietary gas-liquid mixer was first applied in SRU of a refinery. The tail gas ultra-low emissions were achieved through sodium alkali wet flue gas desulfurization process. The concentration of SO2 in the clean gas is 10 - 25 mg / m3 with desulfurization rate of ≥95% in 0-120% of flue gas flow range. The technology can meet ultra-low emission for tail gas under the various operating conditions of SRU. GGH was first applied to tail gas ultra-low emission in domestic SRU，it enhances the flue gas temperature, reduces white mist effectively and solves the problem of sulfur dew point corrosion in flue gas pipelines and equipments. Meanwhile，GGH saves energy 4 950 MJ / h, decreases water 0.64 t/h and flue gas emission 840m3/h.

QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON PREPARATION OF PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES BY PLANT REDUCTION METHOD

2018, 49(4):  101-104. 

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Using PdCl2 as Pd particle precursor and Ginkgo biloba extract as reducing agent, nano Pd particles from PdCl2 solution were obtained by plant reduction method. The residual Pd2+ ion concentration in the reaction solution was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) to calculate quantitatively the reduction rate of the reaction. The effects of PdCl2 concentration and particle size of ginkgo leaf dry powder on the reduction rate of Pd2+ were investigated. The results showed that ICP-AES could be used to quantitatively study the plant reduction method, and that the higher the concentration of PdCl2, the smaller the dry powder particles, the higher the reduction rate.