PETROLEUM PROCESSING AND PETROCHEMICALS

STUDY ON THE HYDROGENATION AND HYDRO-UPGRADING OF OIL PRODUCT FROM DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION PROCESS

2009, 40(5): 1-5. doi:

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Pilot plant test study on both hydrogenation and hydro-upgrading of oil from direct coal liquefaction (DCL) process was carried out. It was showed that by hydrogenation the heavy fraction from DCL consisted of about 20% of partially saturated aromatics, thus it could be used as H-donor solvent for DCL process. The middle distillates of the light fraction from DCL had the characteristics of low cetane number and high density, which needed to be further upgraded. Test results showed that after hydro-upgrading the naphtha fraction (<150℃) was a good feedstock for catalytic reforming process due to its low sulfur and nitrogen contents; the qualities of the middle distillate fraction (>150℃) could meet the requirements of light diesel fuel National Standard (produced from naphthenic base crude). In addition, the hydro-upgraded diesel distillate had good sensibility to cetane improvement additives. With the addition of 1 000 ppm cetane improver this hydro-upgraded diesel distillate could meet the specification of diesel fuel for satisfying Europe II exhaust standard.

STUDY ON THE HEAVY OIL CATALYTIC CRACKING UNDER HIGH CATALYST-OIL MIXING ENERGY CONDITIONS

2009, 40(5): 6-11. doi:

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The effect of reaction conditions on the product slates and product properties of heavy oil catalytic cracking was investigated on a FCC riser pilot plant under high catalyst-oil mixing energy conditions and conventional reaction conditions. Results showed that as compared with the conventional conditions, under short contact time and high catalyst-oil mixing energy conditions the light oil yield and liquid product yield were higher due to the better cracking of hydrocarbons with naphthenic structure.

SELECTIVE HYDROCRACKING OF PYROLYSIS GASOLINE OVER Ni/HZSM-5 CATALYST

Shaojun Qing ZhixianGao Gao

2009, 40(5): 12-16. doi:

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The selective hydrocracking of pyrolysis gasoline over non-noble metal catalyst Ni/HZSM-5 was studied in a fixed down-flow reactor, and the effects of nickel content and reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure, WHSV and H2/CH volume ratio were investigated. Test results showed that with the increase of nickel loading, the conversion of C6+ non-aromatics hydrocarbons in pyrolysis gasoline first increased and then decreased, the suitable nickel content of the catalyst was about 2.1%. Among the process conditions, temperature and pressure showed great influences, followed by WHSV and the effect of H2/CH ratio was the least. Using Ni2.1/HZSM-5 catalyst, under the conditions of 380℃, 3.0MPa, a WHSV of 1.245h-1 and a H2/CH volume ratio of 1 000, the conversion of C6+ non-aromatics hydrocarbons in pyrolysis gasoline kept more than 95% within 65 h, and the conversion of aromatics was only 13%. In the hydrocracking products, C2+ n-alkanes occupied 80.96%, in which propane occupied 60.71%. The results suggested that Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst having high selectivity for the hydrocracking of C6+ non-aromatics could be used for hydrocracking of pyrolysis gasoline to produce aromatics with light alkanes as co-products.

THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE OXIDATIVE DESULPHURIZATION OF FCC DIESEL FUEL

LI Bao-Shan

2009, 40(5): 17-20. doi:

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Without the presence of catalyst, the oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds in model oil and FCC diesel fuel was conducted using 30% hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and a DC magnetic field was involved. The effect of reaction conditions such as the intensity of magnetic field, the ratio of oxidant to sulfur in oil (O/S), reaction temperature and reaction time on the sulfur removal rate was investigated, and the corresponding sulphone was removed from the system by extraction using acetonitrile as extractant. Results showed that under the conditions of a magnetic field intensity of 21mT, an O/S ratio of 3, a reaction temperature of 0 C and a reaction time of 60 min, the sulfur content of model oil could be reduced to 118 μg/g from the original 1 000 μg/g. Under these optimum reaction conditions, when 5ml 30% hydrogen peroxide was added into 25ml FCC diesel fuel, the average sulfur removal rate of FCC diesel fuel reached 70.3%; if without the presence of magnetic field the average sulfur removal rate of FCC diesel fuel was 67.2%.

STUDY ON THE CATALYTIC DECARBOXYLATION PERFORMANCE OF SOLID BASE MgO CATALYST

2009, 40(5): 21-24. doi:

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Experiments for deacidification of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid on MgO catalyst were carried out in a fixed bed unit and the effects of temperature, space velocity and the size of catalyst on the catalytic deacidifcation were investigated. The results showed that, with the increase of reaction temperature, the catalytic deacidifcation and non-catalytic deacidification ability of MgO were basically decreased at lower space velocity and gradually increased at higher space velocity. The catalytic decarboxylation and non-catalytic deacidification ability of MgO were both decreased with the increase of space velocity in the reaction temperature range of 335～365 ℃. Low reaction pressure was of benefit to the catalytic decarboxylation on MgO.

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF CRUDE OIL DELAYED COKING UNIT PROCESSING HIGH BLENDING RATIO OF RESIDUE

2009, 40(5): 25-27. doi:

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The experiences of enhancing residue blending ratio in the viscous crude delayed coking unit of Karamay Petrochemical Company were summarized including solving the problems of entraining fine coke powder in oil vapor, coking of oil pipeline, lowering light oil yield and shortening running cycle. After optimizing operation conditions and revamping, the coker gatch yield was less than 8% at high residue blending ratio; at the same residue blending ratio as compared with before revamping, the distillate yield increased 4.5 percentage points; when the residue blending ratio was less than 20%, the light oil yield could be over 80%. Furthermore, the entrainment of coke powder in oil was reduced and the operation cycle of the unit was prolonged.

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance for Hexane aromatization of Pt/MxOy-SiO2 Mesoporous Catalysts

Ma Aizeng

2009, 40(5): 28-32. doi:

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Al2O3-SiO2, BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 mesoporous mixed-oxides were synthesized according to the synthesis procedure of mesoporous silica material SBA-15 and with the involvement of Al2O3, BaO and K2O. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption and TEM techniques. Their catalytic performances for hexane aromatization were investigated. Results showed that these materials possessed the similar highly ordered mesoporous pore structure as SBA-15 had; as compared with the conventional industry reforming catalyst, Pt/MxOy-SiO2 catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance high in liquid yield and aromatics yield.

STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS OF MCM-41 CONTAINING P AND ITS CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE

fenyan li

2009, 40(5): 33-37. doi:

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MCM-41 molecular sieve containing P was synthesized by microwave radiation and characterized by XRD, SEM, NH3-TPD, N2 adsorption and NMR. Results showed that said molecular sieve mainly possessed weak acid sites and medium strong acid sites without strong acid sites, the total acidity was among 0.349~0.553 mmol•g-1. The 31P MAS NMR data suggested that phosphorus atoms were successfully incorporated into the framework of MCM-41. The catalytic performance of the MCM-41 containing P was evaluated by micro reactor using 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene and n-tetradecane as reactants. Test results showed that compared with MCM-41, MCM-41 containing P exhibited higher catalytic activity, its conversion of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene was 87.1% and conversion of n-tetradecane was 56.2%.

STUDY ON THE ESTERIFICATION OVER CARBON-BASED SOLID ACID CATALYST

2009, 40(5): 38-42. doi:

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A carbon based solid acid catalyst was prepared from the partial carbonification of expanded starch and p-toluene sulfonic acid, and its catalytic performance during the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol was studied. The effects of the ratio of ethanol to oleic acid, catalyst dosage and reaction time on the ethyl oleate yield were discussed. The results of XRD and acid-base titration indicated that the partial carbonization of the mixture of expanded starch and p-toluene sulfonic acid resulted in forming amorphous coke consisting of polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets with high density of SO3H groups. Results also indicated that carbon-based solid acid catalyst was highly active during the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, under the reaction conditions of a molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid of 8, a reaction time of 6.0 h and the catalyst dosage of 5.0％ (in oleic acid)，the yield of ethyl oleate reached 83.78％. The catalyst was reusable, and the ethyl oleate yield was only slightly dropped after seven cycles.

STUDY ON THE CORROSION OF ESTERIFIED HIGH ACID CRUDE OIL

TIAN Songbai

2009, 40(5): 43-47. doi:

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The thermal stability and corrosion behaviour of petroleum acid ester and esterified high acid crude oil (HACO) were studied. Results showed that the petroleum acid ester could be decomposed at high temperature; the esterification of petroleum acid could restrain the corrosion of petroleum acid and a corrosion inhibition rate of over 95% was obtained. The corrosion behaviour of esterified HACO was relevant to the metal carboxylate content in crude oil. The decomposition rate of petroleum acid ester could be reduced by removing metal carboxylate from crude oil and using a stable heterogeneous catalyst, and thus corrosion could be suppressed.

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION OF STEAM POWER SYSTEM IN LARGE PETROCHEMICAL ENTERPRISE

LUO Xiang-Long

2009, 40(5): 48-52. doi:

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The steam power systems (SPS) in large petrochemical enterprises are usually composed of several power plants and the potential of operational management optimization under current energy resources exists. In this paper, the characteristic of SPS in a large petrochemical enterprise was analyzed and an optimization strategy was presented. In this strategy the energy conversion and energy transportation were integrated to minimize the generation and transportation cost of steam and power. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for multiperiod operational planning and management of SPS was established. A detailed case study showed that a 2.8% of the operation cost was saved by the optimization as compared with the original operational management. In addition, some suggestions for improvement were proposed to solve several current problems in SPS of large petrochemical enterprises.

DESIGN ON SAVING ENERGY OF LARGE CONTINUOUS CATALYTIC REFORMING UNIT

2009, 40(5): 53-56. doi:

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The principal energy consumption of large continuous catalytic reforming (CCR) units was analyzed based on a design case. Design for minimizing energy consumption of a large CCR unit was discussed including optimizing the reforming feedstock, enhancing the utilization of furnace fuel, reducing the energy consumption of compressors and optimizing the design of feed heat exchanger. The energy consumption of CCR unit could be further reduced by adopting various optimization designs.

PERLIMINARY STUDY OF THE SOLIDIFICATION MECHANISM OF BIODIESEL AT LOW TEMPERATURE

2009, 40(5): 57-60. doi:

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The fatty acid methyl ester compositions of rapeseed biodiesel, soybean biodiesel and peanut biodiesel were determined by gas chromatography. Low temperature fluidity and viscosity-temperature properties of biodiesels were studied by a low-temperature flow tester and a rotatory viscometer. The phase transition of biodiesels was investigated by a differential scanning calorimeter. Polarizing microscope was applied for real-time observing the crystal morphologies of biodiesels at low temperature. The solidification mechanism of biodiesel was discussed. Results indicate that the cold flow properties of biodiesels are related to the compositions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. The influence of temperature on appearance viscosity is varied, when temperature is higher than the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of biodiesel, the influence of temperature is not significant, yet when the temperature is lower than CFPP, the appearance viscosity increases with the decrease of temperature. The primary reason for biodiesel to lose fluidity at low temperature might be ascribed to the precipitation of wax crystal and finally, the liquid biodiesel is absorbed by the formed spongy waxy crystal matrix.

EFFECT OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF COLD FLOW IMPROVERS ON THE COLD FILTER PLUGGING POINT OF FCC DIESEL FUEL

Li-Hua Cheng Benxian Shen

2009, 40(5): 61-65. doi:

Asbtract ( 1971 )

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The effect of three commercial cold flow improvers (T1, T2 and T3) on the cold flow property of two FCC diesel fuels (A and B) was studied. When using cold flow improver T2 at a dosage of 1000 μg/g the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of diesel fuels A and B was decreased 21℃ and 12℃, respectively; as compared with using single T2 at a dosage of 1000 μg/g, an amidate flow aid D was also added at a dosage of 100 μg/g, the CFPP of diesel fuels A and B was increased 3 ℃ and decreased 4 ℃, respectively. XRD and gas chromatography were used to analyze diesel fuel B and the carbon number distributions of the wax crystals. Results showed that both cold flow improver or the mixture of cold flow improver and flow aid could promote the precipitation of low carbon number normal alkane, and the flow aid could form fine crystal particles with certain wax crystals, thus the fluidity of diesel fuel at low temperature was improved.

STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF OIL-SOLUBLE POLYMER DRAG REDUCING AGENT

FU Wen-Ting

2009, 40(5): 66-69. doi:

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The drag reduction performance of polymer drag reducing agent (DRA) was studied and the effect of DRA molecular weight, dosage, the onset of the wall shear stress τw*, Reynolds number and the degradation of polymer DRA on the drag reduction was investigated. From the curve of polymer DRA coefficient of friction vs Reynolds number, the slope delta δ of polymer DRA was obtained. Results showed that the drag reduction rate of polymer DRA increased with the increase of DRA molecular weight and dosage; the drag reduction effect was enhanced with the decrease of the onset of the wall shear stress τw* and with the increase of the slope delta δ value; the degradation of polymer DRA might happen under certain shear stress resulting in the decrease of drag reduction rate.

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