PETROLEUM PROCESSING AND PETROCHEMICALS

STUDY ON THE SELECTIVE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF LIGHT DIESEL FRACTION

2009, 40(12): 1-7. doi:

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The study on selective catalytic cracking of light diesel fraction to high octane naphtha was conducted in laboratory on a fixed fluidized bed reactor under the conditions of a catalyst-to-oil mass ratio of 6, a weight hourly space velocity of 10 h-1 and a reaction temperature range of 450℃~620℃. Test results show that with the increase of reaction temperature, the naphtha yield increases firstly, and then decreases. The aromatic content of naphtha is over 60%, and most of them are C8-C9 aromatic hydrocarbons, esp. aromatics having multi-methyl side chains. With the increase of per 10℃ of reaction temperature, the benzene content of naphtha increases 0.12 percentages. The ideal catalytic conversion pattern of light diesel fraction is cracking the alkyl side-chains of aromatic hydrocarbons mainly and suppressing dehydrocyclization and condensation reactions to take place in some extent, which could be realized by optimizing the reaction conditions and adjusting the active sites of catalytic materials.

CAUSES OF SHOT COKE FORMATION IN DELAYED COKING UNIT AND COUNTERMEASURES

ZHANG-Cheng

2009, 40(12): 8-12. doi:

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Shot coke was formed in delayed coking unit when processing poor quality crude oils. By reviewing coke formation mechanism and analyzing the properties of residue feedstock which shot coke was formed, it was found that high in asphaltene and metals (Ni+V) contents of feedstock was the main cause of shot coke formation. Measures, such as proper adjusting the blending ratios of various residue feeds to control the feedstock properties including asphaltene content, metals content and stable factor not more than 9.3%, 244 μg/g and 0.30, respectively, could significantly reduce the chance of forming shot coke. Furthermore, when processing poor quality residue feedstock, optimizing operation parameters, such as decreasing furnace outlet temperature, increasing recycle ratio and reaction pressure, could suppress the formation of shot coke as well.

A LABORATORY STUDY OF USING ESTERIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TO REDUCE THE ACID NUMBER OF HIGH ACID CRUDE

WANG Yan-Zhen

2009, 40(12): 13-16. doi:

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A technology for reducing the acidity of crude oil by esterification reaction was introduced, and some factors that affect the acid removal were investigated including catalyst, reaction temperature, space velocity and the mass ratio of methanol to oil. The experiments were carried out on a fixed-bed reactor and results indicated that the acid removal rate was improved by increase the amount of catalytic active component. When using a same catalyst with the decrease of space velocity, and the increase of reaction temperature and methanol/oil mass ratio, the acid removal rate could be enhanced significantly. Using Shuizhong 36-1 crude oil as feed and 1# catalyst, under the conditions of a reaction temperature of 320℃, a LHSV of 1h-1 and a methanol/oil mass ratio of 0.04, the acid number of the crude oil was reduced to 0.352 mgKOH/g from the original 2.73 mgKOH/g，reaching an acid removal rate of over 87%.

STUDY ON THE MICROWAVE-DEMULSIFICATION OF HIGH WAX CRUDE OIL USING SODIUM ACETATE-POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ADDITIVE

2009, 40(12): 17-20. doi:

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The demulsification performance of Daqing crude oil with high wax content was studied using sodium acetate (NaAC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000 compound additive. Test results showed that when the emulsion feed was a Daqing high wax crude containing 50% water, using SH9402 microwave reaction system under the conditions of a microwave power of 225 W, a system pressure of 0.7 MPa, a reaction time of 7 min, an additive/oil mass ratio of 0.05 and a NaAC/PEG2000 mass ratio of 3/7, the dehydration rate reached 96.39% and the salt recovery rate was 93.98%. Compared with using single NaAC as additive, not only the efficiency of demulsification was enhanced, but also the dosage of NaAC added was decreased and the NaAC recovery rate was increased.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF CANADA OIL SANDS

Chen De-Jun Suo-Qi ZHAO XU Zhi-ming

2009, 40(12): 22-25. doi:

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Continuous solvent extraction experiments were carried out to process Canada oil sands. It was found that the solubility parameter of bitumen from Canada oil sands was close to that of reformed gasoline, and this was also agreed well with the test results of solvent screening, thus reformed gasoline was selected as the optimum solvent. The effect of extraction temperature, the flow rate of solvent, extraction time and extraction pressure on the extraction rate of bitumen was investigated. Results showed that under the conditions of an extraction temperature of 80℃, a solvent flow rate of 60 mL/min, an extraction time of 60 min and an extraction pressure of 1.0 MPa, the extraction rate of bitumen from oil sands reached 92.74%.

STUDY ON THE UNSUPPORTED Ni-Mo-W CATALYST FOR ULTRA-DEEP HYDRODESULFURIZATION OF DIESEL FUEL

2009, 40(12): 26-29. doi:

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An unsupported Ni-Mo-W hydrogenation catalyst was prepared using synthetic porous metal solid solution as precursor. The sulfided catalyst was characterized with XRD and TEM techniques, and the hydrodesulfurization performance of the catalyst was evaluated using Daqing FCC LCO and Middle East diesel fuel as low and high sulfur feedstock, respectively. The results show that the active metal phases in the unsupported Ni-Mo-W catalyst are mainly NiS2 and MoS2/WS2, and the stacked layers of MoS2/WS2 reach 3～8, which is much higher than that of the conventional supported catalyst. This unsupported Ni-Mo-W catalyst exhibits good hydrodesulfurization activity and stability while processing diesel fuels with various sulfur contents.

INFLUENCE OF LBO-A ADDITIVE DOSAGE ON THE CATALYTIC CRACKING REACTIONS OF DAQING ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUE

Jin-sen Gao

2009, 40(12): 30-33. doi:

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The effect of adding LBO-A, an additive for octane improvement and olefin reduction, on the catalytic cracking reactions was investigated on a small fixed-fluidized bed reactor using equilibrium catalyst from the 2# FCC unit of Huabei Petrochemical Company as main catalyst and Daqing atmospheric residue as feedstock under the conditions of a reaction temperature range of 480~490℃, a catalyst to oil mass ratio of 6 and a WHSV of 20 h-1. Test results showed that with the increase of LBO-A dosage in the catalyst inventory, the heavy oil conversion reduced, the gasoline yield and total liquid yield decreased, yet the aromatic content in gasoline increased. An optimum product distribution was obtained at the LBO-A added dosage of 10%, the olefin content of gasoline was less than 20% and the aromatic content of gasoline was increased by 4.2 percentage points.

COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF CGP-C CATALYST DESIGNED FOR MIP-CGP PROCESS

2009, 40(12): 34-38. doi:

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The industrial application of CGP-C catalyst designed for MIP-CGP process in the RFCC unit of Petrochemical Complex of Zhongyuan Oil Field was introduced. The results indicated that as compared with RFCC process when using atmospheric residue feeds having similar properties, in MIP-CGP process the olefin content of the stabilized gasoline was reduced to 20.5%, the propylene yield was increased obviously and reached 8.53%; the stabilized gasoline had a RON of 91.9 and a MON of 82; the total liquid yield reached 85.57%. On the whole, CGP-C catalyst exhibited excellent product slates and good tolerance to metals contamination.

SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF TEST METHODS FOR DETERMINING SALT CONTENT IN CRUDE OIL

2009, 40(12): 39-42. doi:

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Three test methods of determining salt content in crude oil are reviewed and compared. Between two extracting-titration methods, ASTM D6470 and SY/T0536, test results of the former are more authoritative. The definitions of salt content in extracting-titration test method and conductive test method (ASTM D3230) are various, thus their application cases are slightly varied, such as when concerning corrosions during the transportation, storage and processing of crude oil, extracting-titration test method is preferred; when focusing on the effect of total salt content on processing and product qualities, conductive test method is available. Anyway, in order to present a reliable test result of salt content, it is always important that the collected crude oil sample should be well representative.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS HEAVY OIL FRACTIONS ON THE COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF RESIDUE

2009, 40(12): 43-46. doi:

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FCC slurry oil and HVGO were added to Suizhong atmospheric residue, respectively. The effect of various heavy oil fractions on the colloidal stability of residue system was studied by mass fraction normalized conductivity method. Results indicated that the addition of these two fractions in atmospheric residue exhibited negative effect on the colloidal stability of residue system, and the negative effect of adding FCC slurry oil was stronger. By analyzing the SARA compositions and polarities of these heavy fractions and atmospheric residue, it was found that both the composition variation and polarity variation affected the colloidal stability of residue system, yet the later was the main factor. The disparity in polarity between heavy fraction and residue was the main cause of altering the colloidal stability of residue system.

RESEARCH ON THE DIESEL FUEL SENSITIVITY TO EVA POUR POINT DEPRESSANT

Li Qun YAO gang zhao

2009, 40(12): 47-51. doi:

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Four pour point depressants (A, B, C, D), home and abroad, were purified and found that their main components were all ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) by GC-MS analysis. The sensitivities of various diesel components and blended diesel fuels to EVA type depressants were investigated. Test results showed that EVA type depressants could significantly reduced the pour point and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of diesel fuel; at a depressant added dosage of 500 µg/g, the CFPP of hydrogenated diesel component dropped 12℃ with depressant B and the CFPP of – 20# diesel fuel dropped 20℃ with depressant C. The analysis results of n-paraffin content and carbon number distributions showed that diesel fuel having low n-paraffin content and its carbon number distributions mostly concentrated at low carbon number possessed good cold flow properties; diesel fuel with low n-paraffin content and wide carbon number distributions containing a small amount of high carbon number n-paraffins exhibited good sensitivity to pour point depressant.

SYNTHESIS AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF XANTHOGENATE ACETANILIDE DERIVATIVES

2009, 40(12): 52-56. doi:

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Three xanthogenate derivatives (2a, 2b, 2c) were synthesized by reacting xanthogenate with acetanilide derivatives and they were supposed to be used as ashless non-phosphorus lube additives. Their structures and properties were determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, UV, MS and elemental analysis. It was found that these derivatives were oil-soluble and non-water-soluble, thus they could be well soluble in liquid paraffin. The thermal stability of these derivatives was investigated with a thermo-gravimetric apparatus and their initial thermal decomposed temperatures were more than 260℃, which indicated that they could meet the requirement of lubricating operation. Their tribological properties as lube additives in liquid paraffin were evaluated using a four-ball testing machine. Results showed that the derivatives exhibited excellent load-carrying capacity at an adding dosage of 1%, the PB value of 2a reached 910N, even higher than that of ZDDP. All of them possessed good anti-wear performance, and 2b was the best. The worn surfaces of the tested steel ball were analyzed by SEM and the tribological mechanism was discussed briefly.

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